Functionalism: Talcott Parsons

Model MCQ's Sociological Theories

1. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following is a key element of social action?

(A) Economic structure

(B) Cultural institutions

(D) Social hierarchy

Explanation: According to Parsons, social action is driven by norms and values which define appropriate behavior in a society. These systems of norms and values are essential in guiding actions within a social system.

2. In Talcott Parsons' AGIL model, what does the "G" stand for?

(A) Goal Attainment

(B) General Adaptation

(D) Goal System

(B) General Adaptation

Explanation: In Parsons' AGIL model, "G" stands for "General Adaptation," which refers to the ability of a system to adapt to changes in its environment to maintain stability.

3. Talcott Parsons considered which of the following as an essential feature of a social system?

(A) Power dynamics

(B) Consensus and cooperation

(D) Economic competition

(B) Consensus and cooperation

Explanation: Parsons emphasized that social systems are held together by consensus and cooperation, where individuals and institutions work together to maintain stability and order.

4. According to Parsons, what is the role of institutions in a society?

(A) To create conflict and inequality

(B) To ensure social order and stability

(D) To enforce punishment and retribution

(B) To ensure social order and stability

Explanation: Parsons argued that institutions function to maintain social order and stability by promoting socialization, providing norms and values, and integrating individuals into society.

5. In Parsons' theory, what is the primary function of social structures?

(A) To promote economic growth

(B) To maintain equilibrium and balance in society

(D) To control the behavior of individuals

(B) To maintain equilibrium and balance in society

Explanation: Parsons believed that social structures work to maintain equilibrium in society by ensuring that various parts of society function together in harmony.

6. According to Talcott Parsons, the concept of "pattern variables" refers to:

(A) The ways in which roles are performed in a society

(B) The different types of family structures in society

(D) The choice between alternative behavioral responses in different situations

Explanation: Parsons’ concept of pattern variables refers to the range of alternative behaviors people might choose from, influenced by the roles they occupy and the social context they are in. These variables help in determining the responses individuals make within a social system.

7. In Talcott Parsons' view, which of the following is a necessary component for a stable social system?

(A) Social conflict

(B) Shared values and norms

(D) Economic competition

(B) Shared values and norms

Explanation: Parsons argued that shared values and norms are essential for maintaining social order and stability. When members of society agree on values and norms, it helps in the smooth functioning of social systems.

8. According to Talcott Parsons, what is the primary function of the family in a society?

(A) To regulate economic competition

(B) To ensure socialization of children

(D) To enforce laws and order

(B) To ensure socialization of children

Explanation: Parsons viewed the family as the primary agent of socialization, responsible for teaching children the values, norms, and behaviors needed to function in society.

9. In Parsons' functionalist theory, which of the following is considered as one of the four functional imperatives (AGIL)?

(A) Adaptation

(B) Aggression

(D) Innovation

(A) Adaptation

Explanation: In Parsons' AGIL model, "A" stands for Adaptation. This refers to the need for a society or social system to adjust to its environment by ensuring resources are available and efficiently distributed.

10. What is the role of the "media" according to Talcott Parsons' functionalism?

(A) To create social conflict

(B) To reinforce societal values and norms

(D) To promote individualism

(B) To reinforce societal values and norms

Explanation: Parsons believed that institutions, including the media, play an important role in reinforcing societal values and norms, thus contributing to the stability of the social system by promoting shared beliefs and behaviors.

11. According to Parsons, which of the following does a social system require to maintain stability?

(A) Conflict between social groups

(B) A complex division of labor

(D) Economic inequality

(B) A complex division of labor

Explanation: Parsons argued that a well-organized division of labor, where each individual or group contributes to the functioning of society, is necessary for maintaining social stability and ensuring that social systems function effectively.

12. In Parsons' theory, the "social system" is primarily composed of:

(A) Cultural practices

(B) Interdependent structures and roles

(D) Economic practices

(B) Interdependent structures and roles

Explanation: According to Parsons, the social system consists of interdependent structures and roles that function together to maintain social order and ensure that society operates smoothly. These roles and structures depend on each other to achieve collective goals.

13. Talcott Parsons' theory of functionalism is often criticized for its:

(A) Focus on individual agency

(B) Overemphasis on conflict

(D) Neglect of social cohesion

Explanation: One of the major criticisms of Parsons' functionalism is that it tends to focus too much on social stability and order, while largely ignoring the potential for social change and the role of conflict in shaping society.

14. In Parsons' framework, what is the function of the "economy" within a society?

(A) To foster innovation and change

(B) To provide material goods and resources

(D) To create political alliances

(B) To provide material goods and resources

Explanation: In Parsons’ functionalism, the economy’s primary role is to provide the material goods and resources necessary for the survival and functioning of the social system. This includes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods.

15. Talcott Parsons’ theory of functionalism places emphasis on:

(A) Conflict and exploitation

(B) Social integration and equilibrium

(D) Economic systems

(B) Social integration and equilibrium

Explanation: Parsons’ functionalism emphasizes social integration and equilibrium. The theory argues that for society to function effectively, its parts must work together harmoniously to maintain stability and order.

16. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following is necessary for maintaining the stability of a social system?

(A) Social control through punishment

(B) Equilibrium among social institutions

(D) Economic reforms and deregulation

(B) Equilibrium among social institutions

Explanation: Parsons argued that stability in a social system is maintained through equilibrium among its different institutions, where each institution serves a necessary function in promoting social order.

17. In Parsons' AGIL schema, the "I" stands for which of the following?

(A) Integration

(B) Information

(D) Interaction

(A) Integration

Explanation: In the AGIL model, "I" stands for Integration. It refers to the need for different parts of the social system to work together and integrate, maintaining social cohesion.

18. According to Parsons, social systems are most stable when they are:

(A) Experiencing significant social change

(B) Free from political and economic constraints

(D) Struggling with internal conflicts

Explanation: Parsons believed that social systems are most stable when their parts are well-integrated and functioning together harmoniously, without major disruptions or conflicts.

19. Talcott Parsons' concept of "social order" primarily relies on:

(A) Enforcement through legal sanctions

(B) Voluntary compliance with social norms

(D) Political power and coercion

(B) Voluntary compliance with social norms

Explanation: According to Parsons, social order is maintained through voluntary compliance with shared social norms and values, rather than through coercion or force.

20. In Parsons’ theory, which of the following is considered an essential function of the education system?

(A) To enforce political ideologies

(B) To promote economic competition

(D) To challenge the status quo

Explanation: Parsons viewed the education system as essential for socializing individuals, teaching them the values, norms, and behaviors needed to function in society and maintain its stability.

21. Talcott Parsons' theory of functionalism is considered to be more concerned with:

(A) The role of individual agency

(B) Social stability and consensus

(D) Revolutionary social change

(B) Social stability and consensus

Explanation: Parsons’ functionalism focuses on social stability and consensus, emphasizing that a society’s parts must work together to maintain equilibrium and order.

22. According to Parsons, social systems are often maintained by which of the following processes?

(A) Political manipulation

(B) Conflict resolution

(D) Economic power and class struggle

Explanation: Parsons emphasized that social systems are maintained through socialization, where individuals internalize societal norms and values, which guide their behavior and contribute to social order.

23. According to Talcott Parsons, the concept of "pattern maintenance" in society refers to:

(A) The need to maintain traditional cultural practices

(B) The ability of a society to produce economic growth

(D) The control of deviant behavior through punishment

Explanation: "Pattern maintenance" refers to the process by which society reproduces its norms, values, and social structures, ensuring that they are passed down from one generation to the next.

24. In the context of Parsons' theory, which of the following does "Adaptation" refer to in the AGIL schema?

(A) The ability of a society to integrate its members

(B) The need for society to adjust to external challenges

(D) The economic system's role in allocating resources

(B) The need for society to adjust to external challenges

Explanation: In Parsons’ AGIL model, "Adaptation" refers to the ability of a society to adapt to changes in its environment, ensuring the survival and stability of the social system through the adjustment of its resources and institutions.

25. According to Talcott Parsons, what function does religion serve in a social system?

(A) To create social change

(B) To maintain moral order and social cohesion

(D) To promote individualism

(B) To maintain moral order and social cohesion

Explanation: Parsons saw religion as playing a vital role in maintaining social cohesion and moral order by promoting shared values, norms, and a sense of collective identity within society.

26. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following is essential for maintaining the stability of a social system?

(A) High levels of social conflict

(B) Integration and cooperation between social institutions

(D) Political power

(B) Integration and cooperation between social institutions

Explanation: Parsons emphasized that stability in society is maintained through the integration and cooperation of social institutions, where each plays a vital role in supporting the overall functioning of the social system.

27. In Parsons' AGIL model, the "L" stands for which of the following?

(A) Leadership

(B) Latency

(D) Law

(B) Latency

Explanation: In Parsons' AGIL model, "L" stands for "Latency," which refers to the social system's ability to maintain and transmit values, norms, and cultural patterns that ensure the continuity of society.

28. Talcott Parsons' functionalist theory views society as:

(A) A collection of individuals in conflict

(B) A system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability

(D) A stage for individual competition

(B) A system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability

Explanation: Parsons’ functionalism sees society as a system of interconnected parts, where each part has a role in maintaining the stability and functioning of the whole system.

29. What role does "deviance" play in Parsons' functionalism?

(A) It is a threat to social order

(B) It serves as a means to challenge authority

(D) It promotes social change and progress

Explanation: According to Parsons, deviance reinforces the need for social norms and values by highlighting what is considered acceptable behavior. It plays a functional role in maintaining social order by prompting corrective actions and reaffirming norms.

30. According to Parsons, which of the following is considered the most important role of the family?

(A) To challenge societal norms and values

(B) To provide economic support for its members

(D) To regulate political power and authority

Explanation: Parsons viewed the family as the primary institution responsible for the socialization of children, teaching them the norms, values, and behaviors necessary for functioning within society.

31. Which of the following concepts is associated with Talcott Parsons' "Action System" theory?

(A) The need for social conflict

(B) The role of individual agency in social change

(D) The importance of the state in regulating society

Explanation: Parsons' Action System theory emphasizes the role of individuals in maintaining social order by engaging in patterned actions that align with the norms and values of society. These actions contribute to the stability of the social system.

32. Talcott Parsons' theory has been critiqued for:

(A) Ignoring the role of power and conflict in society

(B) Focusing too much on economic factors

(D) Failing to recognize the importance of individual agency

(A) Ignoring the role of power and conflict in society

Explanation: A major critique of Parsons’ functionalism is that it underemphasizes the role of power, conflict, and inequality in society. Critics argue that his focus on stability overlooks the ways in which conflict can drive social change.

33. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following is the main function of political systems?

(A) To distribute resources evenly

(B) To ensure social order and stability

(D) To promote cultural diversity

(B) To ensure social order and stability

Explanation: Parsons viewed political systems as essential for maintaining social order and stability by creating rules, enforcing laws, and resolving conflicts within society.

34. In Parsons' functionalist theory, what is the relationship between individuals and society?

(A) Individuals are completely autonomous and independent from society

(B) Society is composed of individuals, and their behaviors are shaped by social norms and values

(D) Individuals have no impact on society

(B) Society is composed of individuals, and their behaviors are shaped by social norms and values

Explanation: In Parsons’ view, society and individuals are interdependent. Society shapes individuals through norms and values, while individuals contribute to the functioning and stability of society through their actions.

35. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following is the main function of religion in society?

(A) To create social division

(B) To challenge authority and promote social change

(D) To regulate economic systems

Explanation: Parsons viewed religion as an important institution that helps integrate individuals into society by reinforcing shared values and providing a sense of collective identity. It plays a key role in maintaining social cohesion.

36. According to Parsons, the process by which society’s norms and values are transmitted to individuals is called:

(A) Socialization

(B) Segregation

(D) Conflict

(A) Socialization

Explanation: Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and behaviors that are necessary for functioning within society.

37. Which of the following does Parsons argue is the fundamental basis for the integration of society?

(A) Political power

(B) Shared values and norms

(D) Social class

(B) Shared values and norms

Explanation: Parsons emphasized that shared values and norms are the foundation for the integration of society. These shared norms create common understanding and cooperation among individuals and institutions in society.

38. Talcott Parsons' theory of functionalism is primarily concerned with:

(A) The role of social conflict in driving change

(B) The survival of society through adaptation and stability

(D) The pursuit of economic success

(B) The survival of society through adaptation and stability

Explanation: Parsons’ functionalism is concerned with how different parts of society work together to maintain stability, and how society adapts to maintain its survival over time.

39. Which of the following is an example of a "latent function" in Parsons' functionalist theory?

(A) The formal education system training students for jobs

(B) The informal socialization of children within families

(D) The enforcement of laws to ensure social order

Explanation: Latent functions refer to unintended or unrecognized outcomes. The creation of social networks in schools is a latent function, as it occurs as an indirect outcome of the formal education system.

40. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following is true about social change?

(A) Social change always leads to instability

(B) Social change is a continuous process that must be managed for stability

(D) Social change is always driven by conflict and power struggles

(B) Social change is a continuous process that must be managed for stability

Explanation: Parsons argued that social change is an inevitable and continuous process, but it needs to be managed carefully to prevent disruptions to the stability of the social system.

41. Talcott Parsons' functionalism assumes that:

(A) Social systems are characterized by conflict

(B) Social systems function harmoniously and are based on cooperation

(D) Social systems are fundamentally individualistic

(B) Social systems function harmoniously and are based on cooperation

Explanation: Parsons’ theory assumes that social systems work together harmoniously through cooperation, with each part of society performing a role to maintain stability and order.

42. What is the role of "social stratification" in Talcott Parsons' theory?

(A) To promote social conflict

(B) To allocate resources and roles based on abilities

(D) To create inequality

(B) To allocate resources and roles based on abilities

Explanation: Parsons viewed social stratification as a necessary feature of society that ensures roles and resources are allocated based on an individual’s abilities and contributions, which helps maintain social stability.

43. According to Parsons, what is the role of "economic systems" in the social system?

(A) To regulate family structures

(B) To manage political power

(D) To maintain social control through laws

Explanation: In Parsons’ framework, economic systems provide the necessary resources for the functioning of society, supporting other institutions like the family, education, and government.

44. In Talcott Parsons' theory, the concept of "social equilibrium" refers to:

(A) The state of social stability in the face of conflict

(B) The balance of economic power

(D) The equal distribution of wealth in society

Explanation: Social equilibrium refers to the balance that occurs when all the parts of society—political, economic, cultural, and social institutions—work in harmony to ensure the stability and functioning of the whole social system.

45. Talcott Parsons' concept of "pattern variables" is primarily concerned with:

(A) The types of roles individuals can occupy

(B) The ways individuals make decisions in different social contexts

(D) The methods of economic resource distribution

(B) The ways individuals make decisions in different social contexts

Explanation: "Pattern variables" refer to the alternatives that individuals face in making decisions based on their roles and social context. They represent the choices people must make in balancing personal and societal expectations.

46. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following is a prerequisite for maintaining social stability?

(A) Active social conflict

(B) Continuous social change

(D) High levels of economic competition

Explanation: Parsons argued that for social stability to be maintained, society must have shared norms and values that guide individual behavior and help integrate the various institutions within the social system.

47. Talcott Parsons' theory of functionalism suggests that society is:

(A) A battleground for individual freedoms

(B) An evolving system shaped primarily by conflict

(D) A system where power is distributed equally across social groups

Explanation: According to Parsons, society functions like a system of interrelated parts. These parts—such as institutions and norms—work together to maintain social stability and order, with each part contributing to the whole.

48. According to Talcott Parsons, what is the main function of education in society?

(A) To generate wealth and economic power

(B) To teach critical thinking and challenge authority

(D) To socialize individuals and prepare them for future roles in society

Explanation: Parsons viewed education as an essential institution for socializing individuals. It plays a key role in preparing them for future roles within society by teaching them norms, values, and the skills necessary to function effectively in social systems.

49. In Parsons' theory, which of the following does the "adaptation" function in the AGIL model refer to?

(A) The ability of society to adjust to changes in the environment

(B) The establishment of new social norms

(D) The maintenance of social order through law enforcement

(A) The ability of society to adjust to changes in the environment

Explanation: "Adaptation" in the AGIL model refers to how a social system adjusts to its environment, ensuring that it can meet the changing needs of its members and continue to function effectively.

50. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following does NOT directly contribute to the social system’s stability?

(A) Norms and values

(B) Family structures

(D) Economic systems

Explanation: Parsons' functionalism emphasizes the role of shared norms, values, family structures, and economic systems in maintaining social stability. Political power struggles, however, are viewed as disruptive and are not considered conducive to stability in his theory.

51. Talcott Parsons' theory of social action suggests that:

(A) Social actions are purely individual and do not affect society

(B) Social actions are guided by culturally shared values and norms

(D) Social actions always lead to societal conflict

(B) Social actions are guided by culturally shared values and norms

Explanation: Parsons' theory of social action posits that individuals' actions are guided by shared cultural norms and values, which help to maintain social cohesion and ensure the proper functioning of society.

52. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following is a key function of the economy in society?

(A) To provide individuals with personal freedom

(B) To ensure social integration and stability

(D) To produce material goods and resources

Explanation: Parsons saw the economy as an essential institution that produces the material goods and resources necessary for society. It also supports other systems like education, family, and government by ensuring the distribution of resources.

53. What is the role of the "family" in Talcott Parsons' theory of functionalism?

(A) To challenge social norms

(B) To support individualism and personal freedom

(D) To enforce the laws of society

Explanation: According to Parsons, the family plays a crucial role in socializing individuals by teaching them the norms, values, and behaviors needed to function effectively within society.

54. Talcott Parsons viewed religion as:

(A) A source of conflict

(B) A secondary institution in society

(D) An institution that helps maintain social order by reinforcing shared values

Explanation: Parsons argued that religion plays a vital role in maintaining social order. It reinforces shared values, norms, and collective consciousness, helping individuals integrate into society and promoting social stability.

55. Talcott Parsons' functionalism views society as:

(A) A place where individuals compete for power

(B) A dynamic structure based on conflict and inequality

(D) A mechanism for individual expression and freedom

Explanation: Parsons' functionalism views society as a complex system of interdependent parts, where each part functions to maintain the overall stability and functioning of society. Each part contributes to the system’s stability and integration.

56. Talcott Parsons emphasized that for society to maintain stability, all parts must function:

(A) Independently without influence

(B) In isolation from each other

(D) Only during periods of conflict

Explanation: Parsons believed that the various parts of society, such as institutions and structures, must function together harmoniously. Each part plays a role in maintaining overall social stability and equilibrium.

57. In Parsons' functionalist theory, which of the following is a key component of the "adaptation" function in AGIL?

(A) Social cooperation

(B) Economic exchange and resource allocation

(D) Creation of social rules and laws

(B) Economic exchange and resource allocation

Explanation: "Adaptation" in the AGIL model refers to the need for a social system to adjust to its environment. This includes the allocation of resources through economic systems to ensure the stability and functioning of society.

58. According to Talcott Parsons, the role of the education system in society is to:

(A) Provide economic benefits to individuals

(B) Teach individuals how to challenge societal norms

(D) Regulate political participation and activity

Explanation: Parsons saw the education system as essential for transmitting cultural values, norms, and behaviors to the next generation. This process of socialization helps maintain social stability.

59. Talcott Parsons' AGIL model suggests that societies must:

(A) Prioritize conflict to create change

(B) Have stable relationships between individuals and the state

(D) Be governed by a single institution with centralized power

Explanation: According to Parsons’ AGIL model, societies must fulfill four basic functions—Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, and Latency—to maintain social stability and equilibrium.

60. According to Parsons, which of the following best describes the role of the "family" in the social system?

(A) The family is primarily responsible for producing economic resources

(B) The family serves as a site of social conflict

(D) The family acts as the enforcer of laws and regulations

Explanation: In Parsons’ view, the family plays a crucial role as the primary agent of socialization, where individuals, especially children, learn the values, norms, and behaviors required to function in society.

61. Talcott Parsons' theory of functionalism has been critiqued for its:

(A) Focus on individual empowerment

(B) Neglect of social change and conflict

(D) Emphasis on the role of economic systems

(B) Neglect of social change and conflict

Explanation: One of the major criticisms of Parsons' functionalism is that it focuses too much on social stability and integration while underemphasizing the role of social conflict and change in society.

62. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following is the main function of the legal system in society?

(A) To promote economic development

(B) To regulate the distribution of wealth

(D) To create competition among individuals

Explanation: Parsons viewed the legal system as an institution that helps maintain social order by enforcing societal norms, resolving conflicts, and providing mechanisms for social control.

63. In Parsons' functionalism, which of the following does "Integration" refer to in the AGIL model?

(A) The ability of the society to adapt to changes

(B) The integration of different parts of society to work together

(D) The elimination of conflict within the social system

(B) The integration of different parts of society to work together

Explanation: In the AGIL model, "Integration" refers to the process by which different parts of society—such as institutions and individuals—are integrated and coordinated to work together smoothly to maintain stability.

64. According to Talcott Parsons, the "Goal Attainment" function in the AGIL model refers to:

(A) The ability of the society to set and achieve collective goals

(B) The regulation of economic activities

(D) The process of transmitting cultural values

(A) The ability of the society to set and achieve collective goals

Explanation: "Goal Attainment" in Parsons' AGIL model refers to the capacity of a society to establish collective goals and work together to achieve them. This ensures the system's survival and continued functioning.

65. In Parsons' theory, which of the following best describes the role of "social norms"?

(A) Social norms are irrelevant in the functioning of society

(B) Social norms help to create social conflict and inequality

(D) Social norms are solely determined by individual preferences

Explanation: Parsons viewed social norms as essential for regulating individual behavior and ensuring that individuals conform to the expectations of society, thus maintaining social order and stability.

66. In Talcott Parsons' framework, which of the following is considered a key feature of "Social Action"?

(A) It is solely driven by personal interests

(B) It occurs within a framework of norms and values

(D) It is entirely conflict-driven

(B) It occurs within a framework of norms and values

Explanation: According to Parsons, social action occurs within a framework of norms and values. Individuals make decisions and act based on culturally shared norms that guide their behavior in a given social context.

67. Talcott Parsons' theory of functionalism emphasizes the role of which of the following in social cohesion?

(A) Social conflict

(B) Socialization and shared values

(D) Political domination

(B) Socialization and shared values

Explanation: Parsons emphasized that social cohesion in society is maintained through socialization, where individuals internalize shared values and norms, which bind the social system together and promote cooperation.

68. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following is NOT a key component of social systems?

(A) Economic subsystems

(B) Cultural values

(D) Political conflict

Explanation: Parsons’ theory focuses on the cooperation and interdependence of social systems. Political conflict, while present, is not considered a key component that supports social stability in his functionalist view.

69. In Talcott Parsons' view, what is the role of the "legal system" in maintaining social order?

(A) To enforce individual freedoms

(B) To regulate economic activity

(D) To control the media

Explanation: Parsons believed that the legal system is essential for maintaining social order. It enforces societal norms and provides a mechanism to mediate conflicts, ensuring stability within the social system.

70. According to Talcott Parsons, what is the role of "culture" in social systems?

(A) To promote individualism

(B) To serve as a tool for social control

(D) To encourage economic growth

Explanation: Parsons viewed culture as a vital component in guiding behavior. It provides meaning to social actions and helps individuals understand their roles within the social system by reinforcing shared values and norms.

71. In the AGIL model, Talcott Parsons identifies which of the following as crucial for the stability of society?

(A) Adaptation

(B) Political change

(D) Individual freedoms

(A) Adaptation

Explanation: Adaptation, in the AGIL model, is critical for social stability as it refers to how a society adjusts its structure to meet environmental challenges, ensuring its continued survival and functionality.

72. Which of the following best describes Parsons' concept of "pattern maintenance"?

(A) The process of creating new social norms

(B) The transmission and preservation of societal values and norms across generations

(D) The enforcement of laws through the political system

(B) The transmission and preservation of societal values and norms across generations

Explanation: Pattern maintenance refers to the process by which society preserves and transmits its values and norms across generations, ensuring cultural continuity and stability.

73. Talcott Parsons’ functionalism assumes that for a society to remain stable, it must have:

(A) A high degree of social conflict

(B) A balance of economic and political power

(D) Constant technological innovation

Explanation: Parsons emphasized that a unified system of cultural values is essential for societal stability. These values bind society together and ensure that individuals and institutions work towards common goals.

74. In Talcott Parsons’ theory, which of the following institutions is responsible for the process of socialization?

(A) The economy

(B) The family

(D) The military

(B) The family

Explanation: According to Parsons, the family plays a central role in socializing children, teaching them the norms and values necessary to function in society and maintain social stability.

75. Talcott Parsons argued that social systems are dynamic, meaning they:

(A) Never change

(B) Are static and unchanging

(D) Are built on conflict and inequality

Explanation: Parsons argued that social systems must adapt and evolve in response to changing environments to ensure survival and continued stability. Adaptation to new challenges is a core element of functionalism.

76. In Talcott Parsons' view, what is the primary function of the "political system" in society?

(A) To regulate economic transactions

(B) To ensure social order and resolve conflicts

(D) To foster social change

(B) To ensure social order and resolve conflicts

Explanation: Parsons saw the political system as critical for maintaining social order by creating laws, resolving conflicts, and ensuring that the actions of individuals and groups align with societal norms.

77. In Parsons' functionalism, which of the following best describes "latency" in the AGIL model?

(A) The process of adapting to environmental changes

(B) The internalization of societal values and norms

(D) The integration of new technological innovations

(B) The internalization of societal values and norms

Explanation: "Latency" refers to the process through which individuals internalize the societal norms and values necessary for the maintenance of social order. It ensures that these norms are passed from one generation to the next.

78. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following is NOT a function of social systems?

(A) Goal attainment

(B) Adaptation

(D) Integration

Explanation: Parsons’ AGIL model identifies four functions—adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and latency—as necessary for a stable society. Political control is not a direct function of the social system itself but rather a mechanism within it.

79. According to Parsons, which institution plays a critical role in "goal attainment" in a social system?

(A) The legal system

(B) The political system

(D) The economy

(B) The political system

Explanation: The political system is responsible for defining and achieving societal goals. It provides direction and the means to attain collective objectives that are essential for the survival of society.

80. According to Parsons, what is the role of "social institutions" in the social system?

(A) To provide individuals with personal autonomy

(B) To enforce laws and create political ideologies

(D) To promote competition and individualism

Explanation: Parsons believed that social institutions like the family, education, religion, and government each play a crucial role in providing structure, stability, and functionality, ensuring the smooth operation of the social system.

81. In Parsons' functionalist theory, what role do "values" play in society?

(A) Values create competition among individuals

(B) Values provide a framework for understanding the social order and guide individual behavior

(D) Values lead to economic growth and development

(B) Values provide a framework for understanding the social order and guide individual behavior

Explanation: In Parsons’ view, values provide the foundational framework that guides individual behavior and ensures that individuals act in ways that contribute to maintaining social order and stability.

82. According to Talcott Parsons, what is the "adaptation" function of society responsible for?

(A) Integrating new individuals into the system

(B) Adapting society to changes in the environment

(D) Creating and maintaining a social hierarchy

(B) Adapting society to changes in the environment

Explanation: "Adaptation" refers to the way society responds to external changes in its environment, ensuring that resources are used efficiently, and the system can continue to function despite new challenges.

83. According to Parsons' theory, which of the following is true about the function of education in society?

(A) Education serves only to teach vocational skills

(B) Education is an institution that only supports the economy

(D) Education focuses on creating economic inequality

Explanation: In Parsons' functionalism, education plays a key role in socializing individuals, teaching them societal norms and values, and preparing them for their roles in society, ensuring social integration.

84. Talcott Parsons' functionalism can be described as:

(A) A conflict theory

(B) A systems theory that emphasizes stability

(D) A focus on the psychological behavior of individuals

(B) A systems theory that emphasizes stability

Explanation: Parsons' functionalism is a systems theory that emphasizes the importance of social stability, with each part of society functioning to maintain the overall order and equilibrium of the social system.

85. According to Talcott Parsons, the "family" in society primarily serves to:

(A) Promote economic growth

(B) Provide financial support for children

(D) Challenge societal norms and values

Explanation: Parsons viewed the family as a key institution for socializing children, teaching them the norms and values required to integrate into society. It also provides emotional support and security to its members.

86. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following is a key feature of the "social system"?

(A) It is based on individualism and autonomy

(B) It is composed of interdependent parts that work together

(D) It only functions through governmental control

(B) It is composed of interdependent parts that work together

Explanation: Parsons' social system is made up of interdependent parts—such as institutions, individuals, and roles—that must work together in harmony to ensure the overall stability and functioning of society.

87. In Parsons' functionalist theory, what does "pattern maintenance" refer to?

(A) The economic distribution of resources

(B) The process of maintaining and transmitting social values across generations

(D) The creation of new cultural practices

(B) The process of maintaining and transmitting social values across generations

Explanation: "Pattern maintenance" refers to the process by which a society ensures the continuation of its values, norms, and culture, passing them from one generation to the next to maintain social stability.

88. According to Talcott Parsons, the “adaptation” function of society refers to:

(A) The social system’s ability to regulate economic resources

(B) How society adjusts to external environmental and situational changes

(D) The enforcement of laws to maintain order

(B) How society adjusts to external environmental and situational changes

Explanation: "Adaptation" in the AGIL model refers to the process through which society adjusts to external changes—whether environmental, technological, or cultural—to maintain stability and ensure its continued functioning.

89. In Parsons' theory, which institution plays the key role in "Goal Attainment"?

(A) The economy

(B) The political system

(D) The family

(B) The political system

Explanation: According to Parsons, the political system is responsible for setting societal goals and working to achieve them. It is the institution that directs efforts towards collective objectives, ensuring that society's needs are met.

90. Talcott Parsons' theory of functionalism suggests that social order is maintained by:

(A) Economic redistribution

(B) The enforcement of legal codes

(D) Individual actions alone

Explanation: Parsons believed that shared values and norms are fundamental for social order. They guide individual behavior and ensure that individuals and institutions cooperate to maintain social harmony and stability.

91. In Parsons' theory, which of the following is considered a latent function of the educational system?

(A) Teaching literacy and numeracy skills

(B) Socializing individuals and transmitting values

(D) Unintended creation of social networks

Explanation: In Parsons' functionalism, latent functions refer to unintended consequences. The creation of social networks through education is an example of a latent function, as it occurs alongside the primary goal of education, which is to impart knowledge and skills.

92. According to Parsons, which of the following best describes the role of "the economy" in a social system?

(A) To distribute wealth equally

(B) To provide resources and ensure the material survival of the social system

(D) To enforce political ideologies

(B) To provide resources and ensure the material survival of the social system

Explanation: In Parsons’ theory, the economy is a crucial part of the social system that provides the necessary material resources for the functioning and survival of the social system. It helps ensure that other institutions have the resources they need to function.

93. In Parsons' functionalism, which of the following is NOT a key function of the family?

(A) Socializing children

(B) Providing emotional support

(D) Maintaining social order

Explanation: While the family plays an important role in socializing children, providing emotional support, and maintaining social order, regulating economic resources is not typically seen as a primary function of the family according to Parsons' functionalism.

94. According to Talcott Parsons, the “social system” is made up of:

(A) Only economic and political institutions

(B) Interdependent institutions such as the family, education, religion, and government

(D) A group of individuals with conflicting interests

(B) Interdependent institutions such as the family, education, religion, and government

Explanation: Parsons believed that the social system is made up of interdependent institutions—such as the family, education system, religion, and government—that work together to maintain social stability and functioning.

95. According to Parsons, the “goal attainment” function in society primarily deals with:

(A) Ensuring that each part of society has the resources it needs

(B) Achieving societal objectives and setting collective goals

(D) Promoting social change and revolution

(B) Achieving societal objectives and setting collective goals

Explanation: The “goal attainment” function in Parsons’ AGIL model refers to the ability of a society to define its goals and coordinate efforts across institutions to achieve these objectives, ensuring the system’s survival and progress.

96. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following functions is most associated with the family?

(A) To control the political system

(B) To socialize children and transmit cultural values

(D) To mediate conflicts between social groups

(B) To socialize children and transmit cultural values

Explanation: According to Parsons, the family plays a key role in socializing children and transmitting cultural values. It is essential in integrating new generations into the broader social system and ensuring societal continuity.

97. Talcott Parsons' theory of functionalism emphasizes the stability of which of the following?

(A) Economic power

(B) Social structures and norms

(D) Political party systems

(B) Social structures and norms

Explanation: Parsons' functionalism emphasizes the importance of stable social structures and norms for maintaining the equilibrium of society. Social systems function effectively when their components work together harmoniously, guided by shared values and norms.

98. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following is a function of religion in society?

(A) To enforce political ideologies

(B) To reinforce shared societal values and norms

(D) To create conflict and competition

(B) To reinforce shared societal values and norms

Explanation: In Parsons’ theory, religion serves the function of reinforcing societal values and norms. It provides individuals with a moral framework that supports social cohesion and order, ensuring the continuation of cultural practices.

99. According to Talcott Parsons, what is required for a social system to adapt successfully to changes?

(A) Maintaining social inequalities

(B) Adherence to traditional roles and customs

(D) Limiting the participation of individuals in society

Explanation: Parsons argued that for a society to adapt to changes, the various social institutions must work in coordination and integrate effectively to adjust to new challenges while maintaining stability and functionality.

100. According to Parsons, what function does the "political system" serve in the AGIL model?

(A) To integrate the family system

(B) To ensure that societal goals are achieved through collective action

(D) To provide individuals with personal freedoms

(B) To ensure that societal goals are achieved through collective action

Explanation: The political system in the AGIL model is primarily responsible for goal attainment. It defines and pursues collective societal goals and coordinates efforts across various parts of society to achieve those goals, ensuring stability and progress.

Functionalism: Talcott Parsons

Post a Comment

Post a Comment

Follow by Email

About Us

Contact Form