Macro and Micro Sociology

Model MCQ's Indian Society and Culture

1. Which level of sociological analysis focuses on the behavior and interactions of individuals and small groups?

(A) Micro Sociology

(B) Macro Sociology

(D) Structural Sociology

(A) Micro Sociology

Explanation: Micro Sociology focuses on the small-scale interactions between individuals and small groups, examining their behavior, relationships, and social dynamics.

2. Which of the following sociological perspectives is concerned with large-scale structures and institutions within society?

(A) Micro Sociology

(B) Structural Functionalism

(D) Symbolic Interactionism

Explanation: Macro Sociology is concerned with the large-scale societal structures, institutions, and systems such as education, religion, and the economy.

3. Which sociologist is best known for developing a framework to study "action theory," emphasizing the individual as an agent of change?

(A) Émile Durkheim

(B) Max Weber

(D) Herbert Spencer

(B) Max Weber

Explanation: Max Weber developed the "action theory" which focuses on understanding the actions of individuals in society, especially how their actions influence social structures.

4. The theory that individuals interact with each other based on shared symbols and meanings is a part of which sociological approach?

(A) Micro Sociology

(B) Macro Sociology

(D) Symbolic Interactionism

Explanation: Symbolic Interactionism is a micro-level theory that focuses on how individuals interact using symbols and shared meanings, influencing their behavior and perceptions.

5. What is the primary focus of macro-sociological analysis?

(A) The study of small-scale interactions and individual behaviors

(B) The examination of social systems, institutions, and large groups

(D) The daily routines of individuals

(B) The examination of social systems, institutions, and large groups

Explanation: Macro sociology examines large-scale social systems, structures, and institutions, such as government, religion, and the economy, and how they shape society.

6. What is one key difference between micro and macro sociological perspectives?

(A) Micro sociology studies societal institutions, while macro sociology studies individual behaviors

(B) Micro sociology focuses on individuals and small groups, while macro sociology studies large-scale social processes

(D) There is no difference; both perspectives are similar

(B) Micro sociology focuses on individuals and small groups, while macro sociology studies large-scale social processes

Explanation: Micro sociology deals with individual behaviors and small group interactions, whereas macro sociology looks at large-scale societal structures and processes.

7. Which sociologist emphasized the role of "collective consciousness" in understanding the cohesion of society?

(A) Karl Marx

(B) Émile Durkheim

(D) George Herbert Mead

(B) Émile Durkheim

Explanation: Émile Durkheim emphasized "collective consciousness" to explain how shared beliefs, values, and norms contribute to social cohesion and the stability of society.

8. According to macro-sociological perspectives, what is the relationship between social institutions and individuals?

(A) Individuals create social institutions

(B) Social institutions regulate and shape individual behavior

(D) Social institutions only exist at the micro level

(B) Social institutions regulate and shape individual behavior

Explanation: In macro sociology, social institutions such as family, education, and religion regulate and shape the behaviors, beliefs, and interactions of individuals in society.

9. Which sociological approach is most likely to study the impact of globalization on national economies?

(A) Micro Sociology

(B) Conflict theory

(D) Feminist theory

Explanation: Macro sociology is concerned with large-scale social processes, such as globalization, and how they impact societal structures, economies, and institutions.

10. Which of the following is NOT a typical focus of micro-sociological analysis?

(A) Daily interactions between individuals

(B) The role of symbols and language in communication

(D) The behavior of small groups

Explanation: Micro sociology focuses on individuals and small groups, not on the functioning of larger social institutions, which is the domain of macro sociology.

11. In the context of micro-sociology, what is the significance of "role-taking"?

(A) Understanding how people fulfill their social roles

(B) The study of institutional structures

(D) The ability of individuals to assume different roles in society

Explanation: Role-taking refers to the ability of individuals to take on the perspectives of others and understand their roles in social interactions, which helps to shape individual identity.

12. What is one key difference between macro-sociology and micro-sociology?

(A) Macro-sociology focuses on individual behavior, while micro-sociology focuses on large-scale social structures

(B) Micro-sociology examines individual interactions and behaviors, while macro-sociology looks at societal structures and large-scale processes

(D) There is no real difference between them

(B) Micro-sociology examines individual interactions and behaviors, while macro-sociology looks at societal structures and large-scale processes

Explanation: Micro-sociology focuses on small-scale interactions and individual behaviors, while macro-sociology examines large-scale societal structures, institutions, and processes.

13. Which of the following concepts is associated with micro-sociology?

(A) Social institutions

(B) The power elite

(D) The division of labor

Explanation: Micro-sociology focuses on everyday social interactions, such as face-to-face encounters, and how individuals create meaning through these interactions.

14. Which sociologist's work is closely associated with the development of symbolic interactionism?

(A) Max Weber

(B) Karl Marx

(D) Émile Durkheim

Explanation: George Herbert Mead is one of the key figures in the development of symbolic interactionism, which focuses on how individuals use symbols and language in social interactions to create meaning.

15. Which of the following is a central concern of macro-sociology?

(A) The ways in which small groups affect individual identity

(B) The study of broad social systems and institutions

(D) The impact of social norms on individual behavior

(B) The study of broad social systems and institutions

Explanation: Macro-sociology focuses on large-scale social systems and institutions, such as education, government, and the economy, and how they shape society.

16. In macro-sociology, the study of the economy and its influence on society is often associated with which sociological theory?

(A) Conflict theory

(B) Structural functionalism

(D) Social exchange theory

(A) Conflict theory

Explanation: Conflict theory, particularly in the context of macro-sociology, focuses on the role of economic power and class conflicts in shaping social systems and institutions.

17. What does "social structure" refer to in the context of macro-sociology?

(A) The roles and behaviors individuals adopt in society

(B) The organized patterns of relationships and institutions that shape society

(D) The laws and regulations governing individual behavior

(B) The organized patterns of relationships and institutions that shape society

Explanation: Social structure in macro-sociology refers to the organized patterns of relationships and institutions, such as family, education, and government, that influence the behavior and opportunities of individuals in society.

18. In micro-sociology, what is "role strain"?

(A) The difficulty individuals face when playing multiple roles simultaneously

(B) The expectations placed on individuals by social structures

(D) The conflict between different social institutions

Explanation: Role strain occurs when individuals face tension or difficulty in fulfilling the competing demands of a single role (e.g., a student struggling with academic performance and extracurricular commitments).

19. Which sociological perspective focuses on how social interactions shape people's perceptions and behaviors through the use of symbols?

(A) Structural functionalism

(B) Conflict theory

(D) Feminist theory

Explanation: Symbolic interactionism examines how individuals' behavior is shaped by their interactions with others and the meanings they attach to symbols, language, and social situations.

20. What does "social integration" refer to in macro-sociology?

(A) The process of integrating individuals into smaller groups

(B) The inclusion of diverse cultural practices within society

(D) The ways in which social institutions influence individual behavior

Explanation: Social integration refers to the level of cohesion within a society, where individuals feel connected to social institutions and to others in their community, which helps maintain social order.

21. Which of the following sociological perspectives focuses on the conflicts between different social groups and their struggle for resources?

(A) Symbolic Interactionism

(B) Structural Functionalism

(D) Feminist Theory

Explanation: Conflict theory focuses on the struggles between different social groups, such as the rich and poor, or the ruling class and working class, and how they compete for power, wealth, and resources.

22. Which of the following is a micro-level analysis in sociology?

(A) Studying how religion influences national politics

(B) Examining how individuals interact with each other in a classroom setting

(D) Researching how media affects global cultures

(B) Examining how individuals interact with each other in a classroom setting

Explanation: Micro-level analysis focuses on individual and small group interactions, such as how people behave in small settings like classrooms, workplaces, or families.

23. Which sociological perspective is most concerned with social structures, such as institutions, that maintain order in society?

(A) Structural Functionalism

(B) Symbolic Interactionism

(D) Feminist Theory

(A) Structural Functionalism

Explanation: Structural Functionalism examines how social institutions and structures contribute to the stability and functioning of society, maintaining order and equilibrium.

24. Which of the following is a key element of symbolic interactionism?

(A) The study of large-scale social systems

(B) The importance of shared meanings and symbols in interactions

(D) The effects of social institutions on individuals

(B) The importance of shared meanings and symbols in interactions

Explanation: Symbolic interactionism focuses on the way people use symbols, such as language and gestures, to create and maintain social interactions and shared meanings.

25. In the context of macro-sociology, what is the main focus of "social change" studies?

(A) The changes in individual attitudes and beliefs

(B) The evolution of society's social institutions and systems

(D) The emotional responses of individuals to societal events

(B) The evolution of society's social institutions and systems

Explanation: Macro-sociology is concerned with studying large-scale changes, such as how societal institutions and structures (e.g., education, government, economy) evolve over time.

26. Which of the following sociologists is best known for his work on "rationalization" and the development of bureaucracy?

(A) Karl Marx

(B) Max Weber

(D) George Herbert Mead

(B) Max Weber

Explanation: Max Weber is famous for his analysis of rationalization and how bureaucratic structures in society contribute to social organization and order.

27. Which theory suggests that social order is maintained through the dominant ideas and ideologies that benefit the ruling class?

(A) Feminist Theory

(B) Conflict Theory

(D) Symbolic Interactionism

(B) Conflict Theory

Explanation: Conflict theory argues that social order is maintained by the dominant ideologies of the ruling class, which shape societal norms and values to perpetuate their control over resources.

28. What is "role conflict" in micro-sociology?

(A) When an individual faces contradictory expectations in different roles

(B) When society forces individuals into predefined roles

(D) When different social institutions come into conflict

(A) When an individual faces contradictory expectations in different roles

Explanation: Role conflict occurs when an individual experiences conflicting expectations from different roles they occupy, such as being both a parent and an employee with different demands.

29. Which of the following best describes the primary focus of micro-sociology?

(A) The analysis of global economic systems

(B) The study of large-scale social structures and systems

(D) The understanding of social change through political systems

Explanation: Micro-sociology focuses on small-scale social interactions, such as the behaviors, perceptions, and interactions of individuals and small groups.

30. Which sociologist is most associated with the concept of "social facts," which are external and constrain individual actions?

(A) Max Weber

(B) Karl Marx

(D) Herbert Spencer

Explanation: Émile Durkheim developed the concept of "social facts," which refers to the external structures, norms, and values that shape and constrain individual behavior.

31. Which sociological perspective examines the everyday interactions that shape people's perceptions, actions, and social identity?

(A) Macro Sociology

(B) Micro Sociology

(D) Conflict Theory

(B) Micro Sociology

Explanation: Micro sociology focuses on small-scale, everyday interactions that shape how individuals perceive themselves, others, and the social world around them.

32. What is the primary focus of "macro-sociological" analysis?

(A) The study of individual behaviors in everyday situations

(B) The exploration of large-scale societal structures and institutions

(D) The detailed study of small group dynamics

(B) The exploration of large-scale societal structures and institutions

Explanation: Macro-sociology examines large-scale structures like social institutions (government, education, economy) and processes that shape society.

33. Which of the following is a concept studied in micro-sociology?

(A) Economic systems

(B) Social institutions

(D) Globalization

Explanation: Micro sociology focuses on the individual, their roles, status, and the way they interact with others in their social environment.

34. What does "social constructionism" in sociology emphasize?

(A) The study of social behaviors from a psychological perspective

(B) The role of individuals in creating and maintaining social realities

(D) The biological bases of human behavior

(B) The role of individuals in creating and maintaining social realities

Explanation: Social constructionism emphasizes how individuals and groups create social reality through language, interactions, and shared understanding.

35. What is one of the criticisms of macro-sociology?

(A) It overlooks individual agency and human interactions

(B) It focuses too much on small-scale interactions

(D) It ignores the influence of large systems like the economy

(A) It overlooks individual agency and human interactions

Explanation: One criticism of macro-sociology is that it focuses on large-scale structures and may overlook the role of individuals and small group interactions in shaping society.

36. Which of the following sociological perspectives is focused on understanding the dynamics of power, inequality, and social conflict?

(A) Symbolic Interactionism

(B) Structural Functionalism

(D) Postmodernism

Explanation: Conflict theory focuses on the role of power, inequality, and social conflict between groups within society, such as the conflict between the ruling class and working class.

37. Which of the following best describes "role conflict" in micro-sociology?

(A) When an individual experiences tension between different roles they occupy

(B) When society forces individuals to conform to specific roles

(D) When a person is unsure about their social identity

(A) When an individual experiences tension between different roles they occupy

Explanation: Role conflict occurs when individuals experience tension between multiple roles, such as the conflicting demands of being a parent, employee, or student.

38. What is a key concept in structural functionalism?

(A) The focus on individual agency and decision-making

(B) The analysis of how power is distributed in society

(D) The conflict between different social classes

Explanation: Structural functionalism views society as a complex system of interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability and order.

39. According to symbolic interactionism, social reality is:

(A) Shaped by large social forces and structures

(B) Created through social interactions and shared meanings

(D) Constructed through the economic systems in society

(B) Created through social interactions and shared meanings

Explanation: Symbolic interactionism posits that social reality is created through individuals' interactions with each other, as they attach meanings to symbols and behaviors.

40. Which of the following sociological theories is more likely to focus on the study of large-scale social institutions such as religion, politics, and education?

(A) Symbolic Interactionism

(B) Micro Sociology

(D) Postmodernism

Explanation: Macro Sociology is focused on large-scale social structures and institutions, such as religion, politics, education, and how they affect society.

41. Which of the following is a criticism of micro-sociology?

(A) It focuses too much on large-scale social processes

(B) It overlooks individual agency and interaction

(D) It doesn't consider the impact of social structures

Explanation: One criticism of micro-sociology is that it focuses on small-scale interactions and individual behaviors, sometimes neglecting the influence of larger social structures and systems.

42. Which of the following is an example of a macro-sociological phenomenon?

(A) A family's daily routine

(B) The influence of government policies on the economy

(D) A classroom discussion

(B) The influence of government policies on the economy

Explanation: Macro-sociology focuses on large-scale phenomena such as government policies, economic systems, and societal structures that affect broad aspects of society.

43. Which sociological perspective focuses on the importance of understanding how individuals develop and maintain social identities through everyday interactions?

(A) Conflict theory

(B) Symbolic interactionism

(D) Feminist theory

(B) Symbolic interactionism

Explanation: Symbolic interactionism focuses on how individuals develop social identities and meanings through interactions with others and the symbols they use in everyday life.

44. In the context of macro-sociology, what does "social order" refer to?

(A) The daily routines and behaviors of individuals

(B) The stability and functioning of social institutions

(D) The symbolic meanings created through interactions

(B) The stability and functioning of social institutions

Explanation: In macro-sociology, social order refers to the organized system of social institutions and structures that work together to maintain stability and ensure the functioning of society.

45. Which of the following is an example of role strain in micro-sociology?

(A) An individual having to balance work and family responsibilities

(B) The conflict between different social classes

(D) The impact of education on social mobility

(A) An individual having to balance work and family responsibilities

Explanation: Role strain occurs when an individual experiences difficulty or stress in fulfilling the demands of a single role, such as balancing work and family life.

46. According to symbolic interactionism, how are societal roles developed?

(A) Through the economic power of dominant groups

(B) Through shared meanings and interactions

(D) Through the division of labor

(B) Through shared meanings and interactions

Explanation: Symbolic interactionism posits that societal roles are created and developed through the meanings people attach to them in social interactions and shared understandings.

47. Which sociological theory focuses on the ways in which power is distributed within society and how it affects access to resources?

(A) Conflict theory

(B) Structural functionalism

(D) Feminist theory

(A) Conflict theory

Explanation: Conflict theory focuses on power struggles between different groups in society, particularly over resources and how power dynamics affect access to wealth, status, and opportunities.

48. What is the focus of micro-sociology in relation to social institutions?

(A) The way social institutions affect large groups of people

(B) The effects of social institutions on the economic system

(D) The role of social institutions in maintaining social order

Explanation: Micro-sociology examines the way individuals interact with and within social institutions, such as schools, families, and workplaces, and how these interactions influence their behavior and identity.

49. Which of the following best describes a "macro-sociological" approach to studying society?

(A) Studying how individuals perceive and interact with one another

(B) Examining how large-scale social processes, such as industrialization, impact society

(D) Analyzing the roles of symbols and language in social interactions

(B) Examining how large-scale social processes, such as industrialization, impact society

Explanation: Macro-sociology is concerned with large-scale social processes such as industrialization, globalization, and institutional changes that affect the structure and functioning of society.

50. Which sociological theory examines how people experience and interpret social symbols in daily life?

(A) Structural functionalism

(B) Symbolic interactionism

(D) Feminist theory

(B) Symbolic interactionism

Explanation: Symbolic interactionism focuses on how individuals use symbols, language, and gestures in everyday interactions to form meaning and shape social reality.

51. Which of the following sociologists is most associated with the development of structural functionalism?

(A) Karl Marx

(B) Max Weber

(D) George Herbert Mead

Explanation: Émile Durkheim is often credited with developing structural functionalism, which examines how different social institutions function to maintain societal stability and order.

52. In micro-sociology, which of the following best describes "role taking"?

(A) The process of adopting different social roles depending on the situation

(B) The struggle individuals face when trying to fulfill multiple conflicting roles

(D) The act of rejecting societal roles imposed by others

Explanation: Role taking refers to the ability of individuals to understand and adopt the perspectives and roles of others in social interactions, crucial for developing social understanding and empathy.

53. In macro-sociology, which of the following is the primary focus?

(A) The daily interactions between individuals

(B) The study of social institutions like government, education, and economy

(D) The role of symbols and communication in social life

(B) The study of social institutions like government, education, and economy

Explanation: Macro-sociology focuses on large-scale social structures and processes, including institutions like government, economy, and education, and their impact on society.

54. Which of the following sociological theories focuses on how individuals create and interpret their social world through interactions and shared symbols?

(A) Conflict theory

(B) Structural functionalism

(D) Feminist theory

Explanation: Symbolic interactionism focuses on the micro-level of social life, emphasizing how individuals interact and create meaning through symbols, language, and social actions.

55. Which of the following best describes the "social facts" in Durkheim's theory of sociology?

(A) The shared symbols and meanings that individuals create

(B) The social norms, values, and structures that exist outside of individual influence

(D) The conflicts and struggles between different social classes

(B) The social norms, values, and structures that exist outside of individual influence

Explanation: Durkheim introduced the concept of "social facts," referring to societal norms, values, and structures that are external to individuals but have a strong influence on their behavior and actions.

56. Which of the following best describes "social order" in the context of macro-sociology?

(A) The process through which individuals interact and form relationships

(B) The regulations and laws that govern individual behavior

(D) The way people negotiate their roles in society

Explanation: Social order in macro-sociology refers to the processes through which societal institutions like law, religion, and education help maintain stability, harmony, and cohesion in society.

57. What is the main concept of "symbolic capital" according to Pierre Bourdieu?

(A) The economic resources individuals possess

(B) The cultural values and social prestige individuals gain from their social connections

(D) The societal norms that govern social interactions

(B) The cultural values and social prestige individuals gain from their social connections

Explanation: Pierre Bourdieu's concept of "symbolic capital" refers to the non-material assets such as social prestige, reputation, and cultural knowledge that individuals use to gain power and influence in society.

58. Which sociological theory views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and social order?

(A) Conflict theory

(B) Structural functionalism

(D) Postmodernism

(B) Structural functionalism

Explanation: Structural functionalism views society as a system of interrelated parts, such as family, religion, education, and the economy, all of which work together to maintain social stability and order.

59. Which of the following would be an example of a macro-sociological analysis?

(A) Studying the dynamics of a group of friends

(B) Examining the roles people take on in family life

(D) Observing the communication between teachers and students in a classroom

Explanation: Macro-sociology focuses on large-scale processes and structures, such as the impact of global phenomena (like social media) on society at large, across different cultures and countries.

60. In micro-sociology, "dramaturgy" is a concept developed by which sociologist?

(A) Max Weber

(B) Erving Goffman

(D) Herbert Spencer

(B) Erving Goffman

Explanation: Erving Goffman developed the concept of "dramaturgy," which compares social interactions to a theatrical performance, where individuals play roles and manage the impressions they give to others.

61. Which of the following would be an example of a micro-sociological phenomenon?

(A) The impact of social class on education

(B) How individuals negotiate roles in their families

(D) The influence of global trade on national economies

(B) How individuals negotiate roles in their families

Explanation: Micro-sociology focuses on individual interactions and small group behavior, such as how family members negotiate roles and relationships within the family setting.

62. Which sociological perspective views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability?

(A) Symbolic interactionism

(B) Conflict theory

(D) Feminist theory

Explanation: Structural functionalism views society as a complex system composed of interrelated parts (such as institutions and roles) that work together to promote social order and stability.

63. According to symbolic interactionism, how do people develop and understand their social identity?

(A) Through large-scale societal institutions

(B) Through interactions with others and the meanings attached to those interactions

(D) Through political participation and state control

(B) Through interactions with others and the meanings attached to those interactions

Explanation: Symbolic interactionism focuses on how people create meaning through social interactions and how these meanings shape individuals' self-concept and social identity.

64. Which sociological theory is most concerned with understanding power dynamics and inequality in social relationships?

(A) Symbolic interactionism

(B) Conflict theory

(D) Social exchange theory

(B) Conflict theory

Explanation: Conflict theory focuses on the power struggles between different groups in society, particularly the inequalities in access to resources, power, and opportunities.

65. In macro-sociology, "social change" is primarily driven by:

(A) Individual behaviors

(B) Changes in social norms

(D) The economy

Explanation: Macro-sociology focuses on societal-wide transformations, and social change is often driven by shifts in social institutions such as government, religion, education, and the economy.

66. Which of the following concepts is most commonly studied in micro-sociology?

(A) Global economic systems

(B) Role-taking and social interaction in small groups

(D) Political systems and their influence on society

(B) Role-taking and social interaction in small groups

Explanation: Micro-sociology is concerned with small-scale interactions, such as how individuals understand and assume roles in their interactions within small groups.

67. What does the term "globalization" typically refer to in macro-sociology?

(A) The study of small group behavior

(B) The spread of social norms through local interactions

(D) The negotiation of individual roles in different societies

Explanation: Globalization refers to the process by which people, businesses, and governments become more interconnected through trade, communication, and cultural exchange on a global scale.

68. Which of the following best describes "role conflict" in micro-sociology?

(A) The struggle between two or more individuals in a small group

(B) The tension that arises when individuals face conflicting demands from multiple roles they occupy

(D) The adjustment individuals make in response to changing social norms

(B) The tension that arises when individuals face conflicting demands from multiple roles they occupy

Explanation: Role conflict occurs when individuals experience stress or difficulty in fulfilling the demands of different roles they hold, such as balancing the demands of being a student, parent, and worker.

69. Which sociological perspective argues that inequality and social change are driven by economic forces and class struggles?

(A) Conflict theory

(B) Symbolic interactionism

(D) Postmodernism

(A) Conflict theory

Explanation: Conflict theory, particularly through Karl Marx’s analysis, argues that social change and inequality are driven by economic forces and the conflict between different social classes.

70. Which of the following is an example of a micro-sociological concept?

(A) Social institutions

(B) Social order

(D) Large-scale political movements

Explanation: Micro-sociology focuses on small-scale social interactions and behaviors, such as how individuals learn and internalize social norms within small groups like families or friendship circles.

71. Which of the following concepts is associated with the study of large-scale societal structures in macro-sociology?

(A) Social identity

(B) Role-taking

(D) Social behavior

Explanation: Macro-sociology often studies the structure and role of social institutions, such as family, education, and government, and their influence on society.

72. Which of the following is an example of a macro-sociological analysis?

(A) Examining the social interactions in a small group of people

(B) Studying the effects of a policy on a large population

(D) Observing the behavior of individuals in a workplace

(B) Studying the effects of a policy on a large population

Explanation: Macro-sociology focuses on large-scale societal issues, such as the study of how government policies affect large populations or entire social systems.

73. Which sociologist developed the concept of "verstehen" (understanding) as a method for studying social behavior?

(A) Max Weber

(B) Karl Marx

(D) George Herbert Mead

(A) Max Weber

Explanation: Max Weber developed the concept of "verstehen," emphasizing the need to understand social behavior from the perspective of the individuals involved, taking into account their subjective meanings.

74. What is the primary goal of micro-sociology?

(A) To understand the global economic systems

(B) To study the effects of social structures on the economy

(D) To analyze social institutions at a large scale

Explanation: Micro-sociology focuses on the study of individual behavior and small-scale social interactions, such as family dynamics, relationships, and group behaviors.

75. Which sociological theory is most likely to study the unequal distribution of power and resources in society?

(A) Symbolic interactionism

(B) Conflict theory

(D) Feminist theory

(B) Conflict theory

Explanation: Conflict theory focuses on the inequalities and power struggles between different social groups, especially regarding the distribution of resources, power, and wealth.

76. In macro-sociology, which concept is most closely associated with the analysis of large-scale social structures like institutions, class systems, and social change?

(A) Socialization

(B) Social behavior

(D) Social interactions

Explanation: Macro-sociology studies social systems and structures such as class systems, political institutions, and how they contribute to social organization, change, and stability.

77. What is the key difference between macro and micro-sociology?

(A) Macro-sociology focuses on individual actions, while micro-sociology examines large institutions

(B) Macro-sociology examines large-scale societal issues, while micro-sociology focuses on individual behaviors and small group interactions

(D) There is no significant difference between the two

(B) Macro-sociology examines large-scale societal issues, while micro-sociology focuses on individual behaviors and small group interactions

Explanation: Macro-sociology looks at broad societal structures and processes, such as institutions, systems, and large-scale social phenomena, while micro-sociology examines individual behaviors and small group interactions.

78. In micro-sociology, which of the following concepts refers to the way individuals behave based on the roles they are assigned in society?

(A) Social conflict

(B) Role theory

(D) Power dynamics

(B) Role theory

Explanation: Role theory in micro-sociology focuses on how individuals behave based on the social roles they occupy and how these roles influence their behavior and interactions with others.

79. Which sociologist emphasized the importance of "the looking-glass self" as a concept for understanding the development of self-identity?

(A) Max Weber

(B) Karl Marx

(D) George Herbert Mead

Explanation: Charles Horton Cooley developed the concept of the "looking-glass self," which suggests that individuals form their self-concept based on how they believe others perceive them.

80. In macro-sociology, which of the following best describes the concept of "social change"?

(A) The adjustment of individuals to new roles in society

(B) Large-scale transformations in social structures, institutions, and societal norms over time

(D) The influence of personal behavior on societal outcomes

(B) Large-scale transformations in social structures, institutions, and societal norms over time

Explanation: Social change in macro-sociology refers to significant shifts in societal structures, institutions, and norms, often over long periods, such as changes in gender roles or the impact of technological advancements.

81. In micro-sociology, which concept explains how individuals adjust their behavior according to the expectations of others?

(A) Role theory

(B) Socialization

(D) Power dynamics

(A) Role theory

Explanation: Role theory explains how individuals behave based on the expectations of the roles they occupy in society, adjusting their actions to meet societal norms and the expectations of others.

82. Which of the following is a central concept in conflict theory that is often studied at the macro level?

(A) The role of symbols in interaction

(B) Social inequality and power struggles between groups

(D) The everyday interactions that shape behavior

(B) Social inequality and power struggles between groups

Explanation: Conflict theory focuses on the inequalities between social groups, such as the struggles for power, wealth, and resources, which are examined from a macro perspective.

83. What does "social integration" refer to in macro-sociology?

(A) The degree to which individuals feel connected to society as a whole

(B) The processes by which individuals learn to behave in society

(D) The role of education in shaping social behavior

(A) The degree to which individuals feel connected to society as a whole

Explanation: Social integration in macro-sociology refers to the extent to which individuals feel a sense of belonging and connection to the larger society, contributing to social stability.

84. Which of the following sociological theories would be most interested in studying the impact of economic systems on social structures at a global level?

(A) Conflict theory

(B) Symbolic interactionism

(D) Feminist theory

(A) Conflict theory

Explanation: Conflict theory focuses on how economic systems, class struggles, and inequalities influence the structures of society, often examined from a global macro perspective.

85. What is a key critique of symbolic interactionism when applied to large-scale social systems?

(A) It focuses too much on large institutions and structures

(B) It overlooks the role of economic systems

(D) It ignores the importance of social conflict

Explanation: A critique of symbolic interactionism is that it focuses primarily on individual behavior and small group interactions, often overlooking the influence of larger social structures and systems.

86. Which sociological theory argues that social structures and institutions exist to meet the needs of society and maintain social stability?

(A) Structural functionalism

(B) Conflict theory

(D) Feminist theory

(A) Structural functionalism

Explanation: Structural functionalism views social structures and institutions as existing to fulfill specific functions that are necessary to maintain social order, stability, and cohesion.

87. In macro-sociology, which of the following is a central concern when analyzing social change?

(A) The adjustment of individual behavior in different settings

(B) The development of social networks

(D) The ways in which individuals develop personal identities

Explanation: Macro-sociology focuses on large-scale social change, including transformations in social institutions like education, family, economy, and the influence of global processes on society.

88. Which sociological perspective emphasizes how individuals and small groups use symbols and social interactions to create meaning and social reality?

(A) Symbolic interactionism

(B) Structural functionalism

(D) Feminist theory

(A) Symbolic interactionism

Explanation: Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the role of symbols, language, and social interactions in creating and maintaining social realities and meanings in society.

89. What is "social stratification" in macro-sociology?

(A) The unequal distribution of resources and rewards in society

(B) The classification of individuals into small social groups

(D) The study of individual behaviors in specific situations

(A) The unequal distribution of resources and rewards in society

Explanation: Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in society based on their access to resources, wealth, power, and prestige.

90. Which of the following is an example of a micro-sociological phenomenon?

(A) The role of the economy in shaping societal behavior

(B) The interaction between two individuals in a conversation

(D) The analysis of educational institutions and their impact on society

(B) The interaction between two individuals in a conversation

Explanation: Micro-sociology focuses on small-scale social interactions, such as conversations, relationships, and the ways in which individuals engage with one another in everyday settings.

91. Which of the following is a core focus of symbolic interactionism at the micro level?

(A) The study of large-scale economic systems

(B) The ways in which individuals shape and interpret social reality through interactions

(D) The historical development of social structures

(B) The ways in which individuals shape and interpret social reality through interactions

Explanation: Symbolic interactionism is focused on the small-scale social interactions where individuals shape and interpret the social world through language, symbols, and shared meanings.

92. What does "macro-level analysis" focus on in sociology?

(A) Small group behaviors and individual actions

(B) Large social structures, institutions, and systems

(D) Social roles and interpersonal dynamics

(B) Large social structures, institutions, and systems

Explanation: Macro-level analysis examines broad social structures, institutions (such as government, education, and economy), and large-scale processes that shape society as a whole.

93. Which sociological theory is best suited for studying the power dynamics and struggles between different social classes or groups in society?

(A) Symbolic interactionism

(B) Conflict theory

(D) Feminist theory

(B) Conflict theory

Explanation: Conflict theory, particularly as developed by Karl Marx, focuses on the power struggles between different classes or groups and how inequality and exploitation are perpetuated in society.

94. Which concept from micro-sociology refers to the idea that people act based on the meanings they attach to symbols and objects?

(A) Social conflict

(B) Social order

(D) Symbolic interaction

Explanation: Symbolic interactionism suggests that individuals act based on the meanings they attach to symbols and objects in their social world, and these meanings are created through social interactions.

95. In macro-sociology, which of the following would be an example of a social institution?

(A) A group of friends

(B) A family unit

(D) A workplace team

Explanation: Social institutions, such as the educational system, are large-scale societal structures that shape and influence individuals’ behaviors, beliefs, and opportunities in society.

96. Which sociologist introduced the concept of "the iron cage" to describe the dehumanizing aspects of modern bureaucracies?

(A) Karl Marx

(B) Max Weber

(D) Herbert Spencer

(B) Max Weber

Explanation: Max Weber introduced the concept of "the iron cage" to describe how modern bureaucracies, with their rigid rules and regulations, can limit individual freedom and creativity.

97. What is "socialization" in the context of micro-sociology?

(A) The process by which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviors of their society

(B) The conflict between social institutions

(D) The interaction of different societies through globalization

(A) The process by which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviors of their society

Explanation: Socialization is the process by which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and behaviors expected by their society, shaping their social identity and role in society.

98. In symbolic interactionism, which of the following best describes how identity is formed?

(A) Through interaction with significant others and social groups

(B) Through the accumulation of material resources

(D) Through the struggle between social classes

(A) Through interaction with significant others and social groups

Explanation: In symbolic interactionism, identity is formed through interactions with others, such as family, friends, and society, where individuals learn and adopt roles and meanings.

99. Which of the following would be an example of a macro-sociological phenomenon in the context of social change?

(A) A family coping with the loss of a loved one

(B) The shift from agrarian to industrial societies

(D) The daily interactions between coworkers

(B) The shift from agrarian to industrial societies

Explanation: Macro-sociology looks at large-scale societal changes, such as the shift from agrarian to industrial economies, and how these shifts impact society as a whole.

100. In micro-sociology, what is the significance of "ethnomethodology"?

(A) It studies the impact of economic factors on social behavior

(B) It examines the taken-for-granted norms and practices that guide everyday interactions

(D) It analyzes the conflict between different social groups

(B) It examines the taken-for-granted norms and practices that guide everyday interactions

Explanation: Ethnomethodology studies the everyday methods and practices that individuals use to make sense of their social world and navigate their daily interactions.

Macro and Micro Sociology

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