Environmental Justice

Semester – I Interdisciplinary SC 101-ID: Environment and Society

1. What does "Environmental Justice" primarily focus on?

(A) Protecting urban wildlife

(B) Fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens

(D) Limiting government regulations on industries

(B) Fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens

Explanation: Environmental Justice focuses on ensuring that all people, especially marginalized communities, have equal access to a healthy environment and are not disproportionately affected by environmental hazards.

2. Which principle is a core component of Environmental Justice?

(A) Industrial development at the cost of health

(B) Equitable distribution of environmental risks and benefits

(D) Limiting public participation in environmental decision-making

(B) Equitable distribution of environmental risks and benefits

Explanation: A key principle of Environmental Justice is ensuring that all communities share the environmental risks and benefits equally, without exploitation of marginalized groups.

3. Who is considered one of the pioneers of the Environmental Justice Movement?

(A) Rachel Carson

(B) Robert Bullard

(D) Greta Thunberg

(B) Robert Bullard

Explanation: Robert Bullard is often called the "father" of the Environmental Justice movement due to his work in highlighting the disproportionate environmental hazards faced by marginalized communities.

4. Which of these factors is a key aspect of Environmental Justice?

(A) Displacement of indigenous communities

(B) Fair representation in environmental decision-making

(D) Large-scale industrial projects

(B) Fair representation in environmental decision-making

Explanation: A core principle of Environmental Justice is ensuring that all communities, particularly marginalized ones, are adequately represented in environmental decisions affecting their lives.

5. Environmental Justice calls for addressing the disproportionate impact of environmental degradation on which groups?

(A) Wealthy urban populations

(B) Indigenous and low-income communities

(D) Global industrial powers

(B) Indigenous and low-income communities

Explanation: Environmental Justice seeks to protect marginalized groups, particularly indigenous people and low-income communities, from the harmful effects of pollution, climate change, and resource extraction.

6. What is a common criticism of traditional environmental policies?

(A) They prioritize ecological preservation over human rights

(B) They ignore the unequal burden of environmental harm on vulnerable communities

(D) They are too lenient on corporate pollution

(B) They ignore the unequal burden of environmental harm on vulnerable communities

Explanation: Traditional environmental policies often overlook the disproportionate impact of pollution and environmental degradation on marginalized communities, a major concern addressed by the Environmental Justice movement.

7. The Environmental Justice Movement originated in response to which issue in the United States?

(A) The rise of renewable energy

(B) Toxic waste dumping in low-income neighborhoods

(D) Deforestation in national parks

(B) Toxic waste dumping in low-income neighborhoods

Explanation: The movement gained momentum in the U.S. in the 1980s, particularly in response to the disproportionate placement of toxic waste dumps in low-income and minority communities.

8. The concept of “environmental racism” refers to:

(A) The destruction of natural resources for industrial development

(B) Racial discrimination in environmental policies and hazards

(D) The unequal access to green spaces

(B) Racial discrimination in environmental policies and hazards

Explanation: Environmental racism refers to the disproportionate exposure of minority communities to environmental hazards such as pollution and toxic waste due to discriminatory land-use policies.

9. Which United Nations body is heavily involved in promoting Environmental Justice globally?

(A) UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)

(B) UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)

(D) UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)

Explanation: UNEP is one of the key UN bodies working towards promoting environmental justice by advocating for fair environmental practices and policies.

10. Which of the following is a principle of Environmental Justice according to the principles of the movement?

(A) Environmental protection should only be for wealthy communities

(B) Everyone, regardless of race or income, has a right to a healthy environment

(D) Government regulations should be avoided to promote free-market solutions

(B) Everyone, regardless of race or income, has a right to a healthy environment

Explanation: A central tenet of Environmental Justice is the belief that all people, regardless of race, income, or location, have a right to a healthy and safe environment.

11. The term "Environmental Justice" is most closely associated with which type of inequality?

(A) Economic inequality

(B) Gender inequality

(D) Political inequality

Explanation: Environmental Justice addresses the disproportionate environmental burdens faced by low-income and minority communities, making it closely related to racial and socio-economic inequalities.

12. Which of the following is a key goal of the Environmental Justice Movement?

(A) Eliminating all industrial activities

(B) Ensuring equal protection from environmental hazards for all communities

(D) Reducing access to green spaces in urban areas

(B) Ensuring equal protection from environmental hazards for all communities

Explanation: A core goal of Environmental Justice is ensuring that all communities, particularly those most affected, are equally protected from environmental hazards.

13. Which of these was a major catalyst for the rise of the Environmental Justice movement in the United States?

(A) Widespread support for green energy initiatives

(B) The discovery of the ozone layer depletion

(D) The rise of electric vehicles

Explanation: One of the main catalysts for the Environmental Justice movement in the U.S. was the discovery of disproportionate placement of hazardous waste sites in low-income and minority communities, particularly African Americans.

14. What is the role of community participation in Environmental Justice?

(A) It is irrelevant as experts make decisions

(B) It is central to ensuring that the concerns of marginalized communities are heard

(D) It prevents effective environmental policies from being implemented

(B) It is central to ensuring that the concerns of marginalized communities are heard

Explanation: Community participation is crucial in Environmental Justice to ensure that the voices of marginalized communities are included in decision-making processes that impact their environment and health.

15. Which of the following is an example of an environmental justice issue?

(A) The development of national parks

(B) The unequal exposure to pollution in disadvantaged communities

(D) The expansion of public transportation in cities

(B) The unequal exposure to pollution in disadvantaged communities

Explanation: An environmental justice issue involves the disproportionate exposure of marginalized communities to environmental hazards such as pollution, poor air quality, and contaminated water.

16. Which report in the 1980s highlighted the link between race and environmental hazards in the U.S.?

(A) The Love Canal Report

(B) The National Environmental Policy Act Report

(D) The Greenhouse Gas Emission Report

Explanation: The 1987 "Toxic Waste and Race Report" published by the United Church of Christ highlighted the disproportionate placement of hazardous waste sites in minority communities, which was a key moment in the rise of the Environmental Justice movement.

17. Which of the following is a major component of environmental justice frameworks?

(A) Limiting the power of communities in decision-making

(B) The equitable distribution of environmental risks and benefits

(D) Increasing the number of polluting industries in low-income areas

(B) The equitable distribution of environmental risks and benefits

Explanation: A central tenet of environmental justice is ensuring that environmental risks and benefits are distributed equitably, particularly avoiding the overburdening of marginalized communities.

18. Which community was most impacted by the siting of toxic waste facilities in the U.S., which led to the Environmental Justice movement?

(A) Native American communities

(B) Hispanic communities

(D) Suburban communities

Explanation: African American and low-income communities were found to be disproportionately affected by the placement of hazardous waste facilities, which led to the rise of the Environmental Justice movement.

19. Which of the following is an action advocated by the Environmental Justice movement to combat environmental inequalities?

(A) Promoting large-scale deforestation

(B) Encouraging sustainable development and equitable access to resources

(D) Fostering industrial pollution for economic growth

(B) Encouraging sustainable development and equitable access to resources

Explanation: The Environmental Justice movement advocates for sustainable development practices that ensure all communities, particularly marginalized groups, have equitable access to clean air, water, and other resources.

20. The Environmental Justice movement is often linked to which broader global movement?

(A) The Green Movement

(B) The Human Rights Movement

(D) The Urbanization Movement

(B) The Human Rights Movement

Explanation: The Environmental Justice movement is often considered a part of the broader Human Rights Movement, as it addresses the human right to live in a healthy and sustainable environment.

21. Which of the following is a key principle of Environmental Justice?

(A) Environmental protection is a luxury for wealthy nations

(B) Environmental harms should not be distributed unequally among social groups

(D) Environmental issues are only relevant to urban areas

(B) Environmental harms should not be distributed unequally among social groups

Explanation: A key principle of Environmental Justice is ensuring that the harms of environmental degradation, such as pollution and resource depletion, are not disproportionately experienced by marginalized social groups.

22. The "Environmental Justice Principles" document published by the Environmental Justice Network includes which key theme?

(A) Empowering communities to oppose environmental regulations

(B) Ensuring the right to participate in decision-making processes

(D) Reducing environmental awareness in local communities

(B) Ensuring the right to participate in decision-making processes

Explanation: One of the key themes of the Environmental Justice Principles is the right of all communities, especially marginalized groups, to be included in decision-making processes related to environmental issues affecting their lives.

23. Which environmental issue does Environmental Justice particularly focus on?

(A) The overuse of renewable resources

(B) The unequal exposure to environmental hazards

(D) The depletion of non-renewable resources

(B) The unequal exposure to environmental hazards

Explanation: Environmental Justice focuses on addressing the disproportionate exposure of low-income and minority communities to environmental hazards such as pollution, waste disposal, and industrial contamination.

24. What is the Environmental Justice Movement's stance on the relationship between health and the environment?

(A) Health is secondary to economic growth

(B) Environmental harm directly impacts health, particularly for vulnerable groups

(D) Health and environmental protection are separate issues

(B) Environmental harm directly impacts health, particularly for vulnerable groups

Explanation: Environmental Justice highlights that environmental harm, such as pollution and climate change, directly affects public health, particularly in vulnerable populations such as low-income and minority groups.

25. Which of the following actions is a key strategy promoted by the Environmental Justice movement?

(A) Reducing environmental regulations to boost economic growth

(B) Expanding the use of fossil fuels for development

(D) Displacing communities to make space for development projects

Explanation: The Environmental Justice movement advocates for equitable access to environmental resources and protections, ensuring that no community bears an unfair share of environmental risks.

26. The Environmental Justice Movement grew out of which larger social movement?

(A) The labor rights movement

(B) The civil rights movement

(D) The feminist movement

(B) The civil rights movement

Explanation: The Environmental Justice Movement has its roots in the civil rights movement, which sought to address racial and economic inequalities, including the disproportionate exposure to environmental risks by marginalized communities.

27. Which U.S. agency is involved in promoting Environmental Justice through its research and policy initiatives?

(A) Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

(B) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

(D) U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

(B) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Explanation: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is heavily involved in promoting Environmental Justice in the United States by researching and implementing policies to address environmental health disparities.

28. Which of the following international declarations supports the concept of Environmental Justice?

(A) The Paris Agreement

(B) The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

(D) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

(B) The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

Explanation: The Rio Declaration, adopted at the 1992 Earth Summit, emphasizes the need for sustainable development and the equitable treatment of all people in environmental matters, aligning with the principles of Environmental Justice.

29. The principle of "participatory decision-making" in Environmental Justice means:

(A) Only the government should decide environmental policies

(B) Local communities should have a voice in environmental decisions that affect them

(D) Industrialists should be the primary decision-makers

(B) Local communities should have a voice in environmental decisions that affect them

Explanation: Participatory decision-making is a core principle of Environmental Justice, where affected communities, especially marginalized groups, must have a say in decisions impacting their environment and health.

30. How does Environmental Justice view the relationship between economic development and environmental protection?

(A) Economic development must always come before environmental protection

(B) Economic development and environmental protection must be balanced to ensure sustainable growth

(D) Environmental protection is irrelevant to economic growth

(B) Economic development and environmental protection must be balanced to ensure sustainable growth

Explanation: Environmental Justice advocates for a balance between economic development and environmental protection to ensure that growth is sustainable and does not harm vulnerable communities or ecosystems.

31. Which of the following concepts is central to the Environmental Justice movement?

(A) Ecosystem degradation is inevitable

(B) All people should have equal access to a healthy environment

(D) Climate change should only be addressed by wealthy nations

(B) All people should have equal access to a healthy environment

Explanation: Central to the Environmental Justice movement is the belief that everyone, regardless of race or socio-economic status, should have access to a safe and healthy environment.

32. What does the term “environmental racism” refer to in the context of Environmental Justice?

(A) Racial discrimination in urban planning

(B) Disproportionate environmental hazards faced by racial minorities

(D) Overuse of environmental resources by racial minorities

(B) Disproportionate environmental hazards faced by racial minorities

Explanation: Environmental racism refers to the disproportionate impact of environmental hazards, such as pollution or hazardous waste, on racial minority communities.

33. Which global event helped raise the profile of Environmental Justice issues worldwide?

(A) The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro

(B) The 2000 Millennium Development Goals Summit

(D) The 1980 Bhopal gas tragedy

(A) The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro

Explanation: The 1992 Earth Summit raised global awareness of environmental justice by advocating for sustainable development and the inclusion of marginalized communities in environmental decision-making.

34. Which of the following is NOT considered a violation of Environmental Justice principles?

(A) Local communities having a say in environmental matters

(B) Disproportionate pollution impacts on low-income and minority communities

(D) Equal distribution of environmental burdens across all communities

Explanation: Environmental Justice advocates for the fair distribution of both environmental benefits and burdens, meaning that marginalized communities should not bear a disproportionate share of environmental harm.

35. What is the relationship between climate change and Environmental Justice?

(A) Climate change disproportionately impacts wealthy nations

(B) Environmental Justice addresses how marginalized communities are more vulnerable to climate change impacts

(D) Climate change does not affect human health

(B) Environmental Justice addresses how marginalized communities are more vulnerable to climate change impacts

Explanation: Climate change disproportionately affects marginalized communities who often lack the resources to adapt to its impacts, making it a key issue for the Environmental Justice movement.

36. The concept of “Environmental Justice” is closely linked to which of the following fields?

(A) Social justice

(B) Political science

(D) Industrial policy

(A) Social justice

Explanation: Environmental Justice is inherently linked to social justice, as it addresses the inequitable distribution of environmental benefits and burdens among different social groups.

37. How does Environmental Justice relate to the "right to clean air"?

(A) It suggests that only wealthy individuals have the right to clean air

(B) It ensures that all people, regardless of their socio-economic status, have access to clean air

(D) It restricts access to clean air for poor communities

(B) It ensures that all people, regardless of their socio-economic status, have access to clean air

Explanation: Environmental Justice affirms that every person has a right to clean air, regardless of their race, income, or location, and aims to ensure that vulnerable communities are not disproportionately exposed to air pollution.

38. Which of these is an example of an Environmental Justice issue?

(A) A government policy that supports renewable energy initiatives

(B) A toxic waste site being located near a low-income neighborhood

(D) Large corporations reducing emissions voluntarily

(B) A toxic waste site being located near a low-income neighborhood

Explanation: Environmental Justice issues often involve the disproportionate placement of harmful facilities like toxic waste dumps in low-income or minority neighborhoods.

39. Which of the following is a solution proposed by the Environmental Justice movement?

(A) Limiting the rights of minority groups to protect the environment

(B) Strengthening policies to ensure fair distribution of environmental risks and benefits

(D) Restricting community involvement in environmental decisions

(B) Strengthening policies to ensure fair distribution of environmental risks and benefits

Explanation: The movement advocates for stronger policies that ensure fair and equitable distribution of environmental risks and benefits, particularly for marginalized communities.

40. What does the concept of "environmental equity" within the Environmental Justice framework refer to?

(A) Giving more environmental protection to wealthy communities

(B) Ensuring that marginalized communities receive an equitable share of environmental benefits

(D) Focusing only on the preservation of wildlife

(B) Ensuring that marginalized communities receive an equitable share of environmental benefits

Explanation: Environmental equity aims to ensure that marginalized and vulnerable communities have equal access to clean resources, such as air, water, and land, and are not burdened by environmental harm.

41. Which term refers to the equitable distribution of environmental benefits and burdens?

(A) Environmental sustainability

(B) Environmental equity

(D) Environmental progressivism

(B) Environmental equity

Explanation: Environmental equity emphasizes the fair and just distribution of environmental benefits and the burdens of environmental harm among all social groups, especially marginalized communities.

42. The Environmental Justice movement in the U.S. gained significant momentum in the:

(A) 1960s

(B) 1980s

(D) 2000s

(B) 1980s

Explanation: The Environmental Justice movement gained national attention in the U.S. during the 1980s, particularly after the publication of the "Toxic Waste and Race" report in 1987, which highlighted environmental racism.

43. What is a key characteristic of Environmental Justice activism?

(A) Government control over all environmental matters

(B) Advocacy for social, economic, and environmental equality

(D) Acceptance of environmental degradation as a necessary part of development

(B) Advocacy for social, economic, and environmental equality

Explanation: Environmental Justice activism seeks to achieve equality by addressing the disproportionate environmental risks faced by marginalized communities while promoting fair access to environmental benefits.

44. The term "Environmental Justice" is most closely associated with which type of inequity?

(A) Political inequity

(B) Racial and socio-economic inequity

(D) Economic inequity in urban centers

(B) Racial and socio-economic inequity

Explanation: Environmental Justice focuses on addressing racial and socio-economic disparities in exposure to environmental harm, ensuring all communities have access to a safe and healthy environment.

45. Which of these is an example of an Environmental Justice issue?

(A) Reducing carbon emissions globally

(B) Ensuring fair representation of marginalized groups in environmental decision-making

(D) Large-scale urbanization in rural areas

(B) Ensuring fair representation of marginalized groups in environmental decision-making

Explanation: An example of Environmental Justice is ensuring that marginalized communities, who are often most affected by environmental issues, have a voice in decision-making processes that impact their lives.

46. Which U.S. report in the 1980s highlighted the link between race and exposure to environmental hazards?

(A) The Love Canal Report

(B) The Toxic Waste and Race Report

(D) The Clean Air Act Report

(B) The Toxic Waste and Race Report

Explanation: The "Toxic Waste and Race" report, published in 1987, linked racial and socio-economic factors to the disproportionate siting of hazardous waste facilities in minority communities, helping to catalyze the Environmental Justice movement.

47. Environmental Justice advocates for which of the following?

(A) Increased exploitation of natural resources for industrial use

(B) Economic growth at the expense of environmental protection

(D) The concentration of polluting industries in urban areas

Explanation: Environmental Justice advocates for the equitable treatment of all communities, ensuring that no group bears a disproportionate share of environmental harm.

48. Which community group played a major role in the Environmental Justice movement in the United States?

(A) Wealthy suburbanites

(B) Low-income and minority communities

(D) Urban developers

(B) Low-income and minority communities

Explanation: The Environmental Justice movement was largely driven by low-income and minority communities, who were disproportionately affected by environmental hazards and sought to bring attention to these inequities.

49. Which of these is an example of environmental racism?

(A) Establishing a park in a neighborhood

(B) Polluting industries being located near low-income, predominantly minority neighborhoods

(D) Rehabilitating contaminated lands for affordable housing

(B) Polluting industries being located near low-income, predominantly minority neighborhoods

Explanation: Environmental racism refers to the placement of harmful facilities, such as polluting industries or hazardous waste sites, in neighborhoods populated by minority groups, often without their consent or adequate protection.

50. What was one of the major contributions of the Environmental Justice movement to U.S. environmental policy?

(A) The privatization of all environmental resources

(B) The creation of policies that give marginalized communities a stronger voice in environmental decisions

(D) The reduction of pollution in urban areas by relocating factories

(B) The creation of policies that give marginalized communities a stronger voice in environmental decisions

Explanation: One of the major contributions of the Environmental Justice movement was the push for policies that include marginalized communities in environmental decision-making processes, ensuring that their concerns are heard and addressed.

51. What does "Environmental Justice" focus on in relation to vulnerable communities?

(A) Ensuring they bear the least environmental harm

(B) Ensuring they are excluded from policy-making

(D) Ensuring they are involved in decision-making processes regarding environmental policies

Explanation: A key tenet of Environmental Justice is involving marginalized communities in decision-making processes, ensuring that their voices are heard in matters affecting their environment.

52. Which of the following is a key principle of Environmental Justice?

(A) Environmental benefits should be concentrated in wealthy areas

(B) Marginalized communities should bear the least environmental risk

(D) Environmental protection policies should ignore social and economic factors

(B) Marginalized communities should bear the least environmental risk

Explanation: Environmental Justice emphasizes that marginalized communities should not disproportionately bear environmental risks, but instead be protected from harmful environmental impacts.

53. Which of these is a characteristic of "Environmental Racism"?

(A) Equal exposure to environmental harm for all racial groups

(B) Greater environmental protection for minority communities

(D) The equal distribution of environmental benefits

Explanation: Environmental racism refers to the disproportionate exposure of minority and low-income communities to harmful environmental conditions such as pollution and hazardous waste sites.

54. The concept of “Environmental Justice” originated as a response to:

(A) The global environmental movement

(B) The overuse of natural resources by developed countries

(D) Industrial growth in urban areas

Explanation: Environmental Justice arose in response to the disproportionate environmental harm faced by marginalized communities, especially low-income and minority groups.

55. Which of these was a direct outcome of the Environmental Justice movement in the United States?

(A) The complete deregulation of the polluting industries

(B) The establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

(D) The increased inclusion of marginalized groups in environmental decision-making

Explanation: One of the key outcomes of the Environmental Justice movement was the increased involvement of marginalized groups in environmental policy decisions, ensuring that their concerns were considered in the decision-making process.

56. The "Environmental Justice" movement advocates for:

(A) Reducing pollution in urban areas only

(B) Sustainable development at the cost of marginalized communities

(D) Industrial growth over environmental protection

Explanation: Environmental Justice advocates for equal protection and fair access to a safe and healthy environment for all people, particularly those in marginalized and vulnerable communities.

57. In the context of environmental policies, which of these terms is associated with Environmental Justice?

(A) "Pollution havens"

(B) "Greenwashing"

(D) "Fossil fuel dependence"

Explanation: "Toxic hotspots" refer to areas where marginalized communities are disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards, such as toxic waste or pollution. This is a central issue in the Environmental Justice movement.

58. Environmental Justice is concerned with ensuring which of the following?

(A) Environmental policies should be made by scientists alone

(B) Only government agencies should monitor pollution levels

(D) Only corporations should decide on environmental regulations

Explanation: Environmental Justice focuses on ensuring that vulnerable and disadvantaged communities are not unfairly burdened by environmental risks and that they have a say in policy decisions.

59. The concept of “Just Transition” in Environmental Justice refers to:

(A) Moving industrial workforces to cleaner, more sustainable jobs

(B) Shifting all production to renewable energy industries

(D) Privatizing natural resources to promote market solutions

(A) Moving industrial workforces to cleaner, more sustainable jobs

Explanation: "Just Transition" ensures that workers who are impacted by the transition to a low-carbon economy are supported and provided with training, social protections, and new opportunities in green sectors.

60. Which of the following is a global example of an Environmental Justice issue?

(A) Urban greening initiatives

(B) Over-fishing in international waters

(D) Recycling of electronic waste in wealthy countries

Explanation: The displacement of Indigenous communities for resource extraction, such as mining projects, often occurs without their consent and exposes them to environmental degradation. This is an important Environmental Justice issue worldwide.

61. The Environmental Justice movement seeks to:

(A) Protect ecosystems at all costs

(B) Ensure the environment is not compromised for industrial growth

(D) Prevent the use of industrial chemicals

Explanation: The goal of the Environmental Justice movement is to combine environmental protection with social equity, ensuring that all communities, especially vulnerable ones, have equal protection from environmental hazards.

62. Which of the following is a critical focus of Environmental Justice in urban planning?

(A) Expanding highway networks through residential areas

(B) Ensuring access to green spaces and clean air for low-income communities

(D) Limiting public transportation for economic efficiency

(B) Ensuring access to green spaces and clean air for low-income communities

Explanation: Environmental Justice focuses on ensuring that low-income and marginalized communities have equal access to clean air, green spaces, and other environmental resources that improve quality of life.

63. What does the "polluter pays" principle suggest in the context of Environmental Justice?

(A) Only industries should pay for environmental clean-up

(B) Communities should pay for pollution clean-up

(D) Governments should finance environmental restoration

Explanation: The "polluter pays" principle ensures that industries responsible for environmental damage are financially accountable for cleaning up the harm they have caused.

64. Environmental Justice aims to address which of the following types of injustice?

(A) Social justice only

(B) Economic and environmental injustice

(D) Income inequality

(B) Economic and environmental injustice

Explanation: Environmental Justice seeks to address both economic and environmental injustices by ensuring that all communities, especially marginalized ones, are equally protected from environmental harm and have fair access to environmental resources.

65. The Environmental Justice movement calls for which of the following?

(A) Protecting industrial growth over environmental health

(B) Reducing government regulations on industrial emissions

(D) Ignoring the environmental concerns of marginalized communities

Explanation: The Environmental Justice movement emphasizes ensuring that all people, particularly marginalized and low-income communities, have equal access to a clean and healthy environment.

66. Which of the following represents a key challenge for Environmental Justice activists?

(A) Reducing environmental pollution in developed countries only

(B) Ensuring that wealthy communities have more access to green spaces

(D) Limiting access to environmental resources for marginalized groups

Explanation: A key challenge of Environmental Justice is addressing how vulnerable populations, including low-income and minority communities, bear the brunt of environmental pollution and other risks.

67. Which of the following best describes “environmental injustice”?

(A) The fair distribution of environmental hazards

(B) Equal treatment in environmental protection for all communities

(D) Environmental protection policies only for wealthy countries

Explanation: Environmental injustice occurs when marginalized communities bear a disproportionate share of environmental hazards, such as pollution, which can impact their health and quality of life.

68. What is the primary purpose of an Environmental Justice screening tool?

(A) To identify the causes of climate change

(B) To assess the impact of environmental policies on communities

(D) To identify and assess communities that are at higher risk for environmental harm

Explanation: Environmental Justice screening tools are used to identify communities that are disproportionately affected by environmental harm, helping policymakers direct resources to those at greatest risk.

69. The “right to clean water” is a key aspect of which principle of Environmental Justice?

(A) Sustainability

(B) Environmental protection

(D) Human rights

Explanation: Access to clean water is considered a fundamental human right, and the Environmental Justice movement works to ensure that all communities, particularly marginalized ones, have access to safe and clean water.

70. Which of the following is an example of an Environmental Justice issue that relates to waste management?

(A) Increased recycling in high-income communities

(B) Construction of landfills in predominantly low-income, minority communities

(D) Funding of renewable energy projects

(B) Construction of landfills in predominantly low-income, minority communities

Explanation: An example of Environmental Justice issues is the siting of landfills and waste management facilities in low-income, minority communities, which often bear the health risks of pollution and contamination.

71. Which type of justice focuses on repairing past environmental harms to affected communities?

(A) Procedural justice

(B) Distributive justice

(D) Retributive justice

Explanation: Restorative justice emphasizes remediation, compensation, and healing for communities historically burdened by environmental harms.

72. “Meaningful involvement” in Environmental Justice most closely aligns with:

(A) Distributive outcomes

(B) Procedural fairness

(D) Fiscal equalization

(B) Procedural fairness

Explanation: It ensures communities can participate early, influence decisions, and access information in understandable forms.

73. Which concept examines overlapping pollution sources plus social stressors in a neighborhood?

(A) Marginal analysis

(B) Cumulative impacts

(D) Precautionary valuation

(B) Cumulative impacts

Explanation: Cumulative impacts aggregate multiple environmental and social burdens rather than assessing each source in isolation.

74. A rapid gentrification wave following new green amenities that displaces long-time residents is called:

(A) Green premiums

(B) Climate gentrification

(D) Heat island inversion

(B) Climate gentrification

Explanation: Investments in safer, cooler, or flood-resilient areas can raise costs and push out vulnerable residents.

75. In energy justice, programs that reduce bills through home retrofits primarily target:

(A) Carbon capture efficiency

(B) Energy burden

(D) Transmission losses

(B) Energy burden

Explanation: Lower-income households often spend a higher income share on energy; efficiency upgrades reduce that burden.

76. Locating schools within 200 meters of high-traffic corridors raises EJ concerns mainly due to:

(A) Noise masking

(B) Ultrafine and diesel particulates exposure

(D) Zoning variance costs

(B) Ultrafine and diesel particulates exposure

Explanation: Near-roadway emissions elevate asthma risk and other cardiopulmonary harms for children.

77. Title VI of the U.S. Civil Rights Act is relevant to EJ because it addresses:

(A) Tax incentives for solar

(B) Discrimination in federally funded programs

(D) Endangered species permitting only

(B) Discrimination in federally funded programs

Explanation: Communities can file complaints alleging disparate impacts from decisions tied to federal funds.

78. Community Benefit Agreements (CBAs) support EJ by:

(A) Waiving environmental reviews

(B) Locking in local benefits and mitigation with developers

(D) Replacing all permits with private contracts

(B) Locking in local benefits and mitigation with developers

Explanation: CBAs are negotiated commitments (jobs, monitoring, buffers) linked to new projects in impacted areas.

79. A hallmark of environmental data justice is to:

(A) Restrict air data to industry

(B) Center community ownership and access to monitoring data

(D) Use only annual averages without spikes

(B) Center community ownership and access to monitoring data

Explanation: Data justice emphasizes transparency, local control, and relevance to community health decisions.

80. Heat islands are an EJ issue because they:

(A) Cool neighborhoods with dense tree canopy

(B) Primarily affect low-density rural towns

(D) Only impact industrial parks at night

Explanation: Historical disinvestment leaves some neighborhoods hotter and at higher health risk during heat waves.

81. “Just transition” policies should include all EXCEPT:

(A) Worker retraining and wage supports

(B) Community-led redevelopment

(D) Small-business assistance in affected regions

Explanation: Just transitions prioritize keeping communities whole, adding options—not forced relocation.

82. Exporting hazardous e-waste to poorer countries raises EJ concerns mainly due to:

(A) Currency fluctuations

(B) Unequal risk shifting and unsafe informal recycling

(D) Patent pooling on chips

(B) Unequal risk shifting and unsafe informal recycling

Explanation: E-waste can expose workers and communities to toxins without adequate protections.

83. Which metric best screens neighborhoods for EJ prioritization?

(A) Average commute time alone

(B) Combined pollution burden and population vulnerability index

(D) Number of sports fields per capita

(B) Combined pollution burden and population vulnerability index

Explanation: Composite indices blend exposure (e.g., PM2.5, diesel) with sensitivity (age, illness, income, language).

84. “Food deserts” connect to EJ because they reflect:

(A) Overabundance of farmers markets

(B) Limited access to affordable, healthy food in disadvantaged areas

(D) Excessive seafood imports

(B) Limited access to affordable, healthy food in disadvantaged areas

Explanation: Structural barriers to nutritious food link environmental conditions and health inequities.

85. An EJ-consistent air permit condition for a refinery expansion might include:

(A) Removing fenceline monitors

(B) Community-operated continuous emissions monitoring

(D) Ending public reporting of exceedances

(B) Community-operated continuous emissions monitoring

Explanation: Shared or community-run monitoring builds trust and enables real-time accountability.

86. A Health Impact Assessment (HIA) supports EJ by:

(A) Modeling only economic benefits

(B) Evaluating health effects of policies/projects on specific communities

(D) Limiting stakeholder input to experts

(B) Evaluating health effects of policies/projects on specific communities

Explanation: HIAs integrate data and community input to anticipate and mitigate inequitable health risks.

87. A common indoor environmental justice hazard in older housing is:

(A) Neon lighting

(B) Lead-based paint and dust

(D) Low ceiling height

(B) Lead-based paint and dust

Explanation: Legacy lead in paint, pipes, and soil disproportionately affects children in underinvested neighborhoods.

88. Which remedy aligns with EJ when closing a heavily polluting facility?

(A) Abandon the site

(B) Clean up contamination and redevelop with community priorities

(D) Convert to parking without remediation

(B) Clean up contamination and redevelop with community priorities

Explanation: Brownfield remediation plus community-led reuse can deliver health and economic benefits.

89. Transit equity is part of EJ because reliable, affordable transit:

(A) Increases tailpipe exposure for riders

(B) Limits access to jobs and care

(D) Eliminates walking and cycling options

Explanation: Better transit cuts pollution and connects communities to essentials like work, school, and clinics.

90. Environmental racism is best illustrated by:

(A) Random siting of parks

(B) Systematic placement of hazardous facilities in minority neighborhoods

(D) Equal per-capita tree planting

(B) Systematic placement of hazardous facilities in minority neighborhoods

Explanation: Historic zoning and political power imbalances cluster risks in communities of color.

91. A precautionary EJ approach to a novel solvent would most likely:

(A) Approve wide use pending complaints

(B) Require rigorous testing and safer alternatives analysis first

(D) Ignore vulnerable subpopulations in assessments

(B) Require rigorous testing and safer alternatives analysis first

Explanation: Precaution favors prevention where plausible risks could harm overburdened groups.

92. “Procedural justice” would be undermined if agencies:

(A) Provide multilingual notices

(B) Hold meetings at inaccessible times and places

(D) Publish plain-language summaries

(B) Hold meetings at inaccessible times and places

Explanation: Barriers to participation reduce community voice and legitimacy of outcomes.

93. A hallmark of climate justice planning is to:

(A) Focus only on emissions intensity

(B) Prioritize adaptation investments in high-risk, under-resourced neighborhoods

(D) Delay measures until after disasters

(B) Prioritize adaptation investments in high-risk, under-resourced neighborhoods

Explanation: Directing resources by risk and need closes resilience gaps and saves lives.

94. An EJ-aligned waste policy would MOST likely:

(A) Permit unlimited incineration in low-income areas

(B) Expand zero-waste, source reduction, and safe recycling with worker protections

(D) Eliminate community input from siting decisions

(B) Expand zero-waste, source reduction, and safe recycling with worker protections

Explanation: These strategies cut toxic burdens while creating safer local jobs.

95. Redlining’s legacy is relevant to EJ because it:

(A) Evenly distributed tree canopy

(B) Produced lasting disparities in housing quality, pollution exposure, and heat

(D) Eliminated highway expansions in cities

(B) Produced lasting disparities in housing quality, pollution exposure, and heat

Explanation: Historic disinvestment tracks with present-day environmental and health inequities.

96. A core element of “environmental democracy” is:

(A) Confidential environmental data

(B) Public access to information, participation, and justice

(D) Closed-door enforcement settlements

(B) Public access to information, participation, and justice

Explanation: Openness and recourse mechanisms enable communities to defend environmental rights.

97. A frontline community is best described as one that:

(A) Has the newest green tech firms

(B) Faces the first and worst effects of pollution or climate hazards

(D) Contains no industrial sources nearby

(B) Faces the first and worst effects of pollution or climate hazards

Explanation: Frontline (or fenceline) communities are closest to hazards or most exposed to climate risks.

98. An EJ screening map shows a census tract with high asthma ER visits and diesel exposure. A near-term action is to:

(A) Add a new warehouse truck route

(B) Implement clean truck rules and anti-idling enforcement

(D) Increase parking minimums for big-box retail

(B) Implement clean truck rules and anti-idling enforcement

Explanation: Cutting diesel exposure directly addresses a likely driver of respiratory harm.

99. Which practice strengthens EJ in environmental review?

(A) Ignoring alternatives analysis

(B) Conducting multilingual, culturally appropriate outreach from project scoping

(D) Holding daytime hearings only

(B) Conducting multilingual, culturally appropriate outreach from project scoping

Explanation: Early, accessible engagement increases legitimacy and improves outcomes for affected communities.

100. The primary aim of Environmental Justice across policies and sectors is to:

(A) Maximize GDP regardless of harm

(B) Ensure all people share fairly in environmental benefits and are protected from disproportionate burdens

(D) Simplify permitting by skipping public input

(B) Ensure all people share fairly in environmental benefits and are protected from disproportionate burdens

Explanation: EJ integrates equity into environmental protection so that no community is left behind or overburdened.

Environmental Justice

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