Chipko Movement

Semester – I Interdisciplinary SC 101-ID: Environment and Society

Chipko Movement

1. What was the main goal of the Chipko Movement?

(A) To stop deforestation and protect the environment

(B) To promote industrialization in forested areas

(D) To establish more wildlife sanctuaries

(A) To stop deforestation and protect the environment

Explanation: The movement was aimed at protecting the forest ecosystem from destruction due to deforestation and promoting sustainable environmental practices.

2. Who is regarded as the leader of the Chipko Movement?

(A) Sunderlal Bahuguna

(B) Medha Patkar

(D) Rajendra Singh

(A) Sunderlal Bahuguna

Explanation: Sunderlal Bahuguna was a key environmentalist and leader of the Chipko Movement, promoting the protection of forests and ecological balance.

3. In which year did the Chipko Movement officially begin?

(A) 1973

(B) 1974

(D) 1976

(A) 1973

Explanation: The Chipko Movement began in 1973 in the Himalayan foothills, when villagers began to physically embrace trees to prevent them from being felled by loggers.

4. The Chipko Movement is primarily associated with which state in India?

(A) Uttar Pradesh

(B) Himachal Pradesh

(D) Madhya Pradesh

Explanation: The movement took place in the hills of Uttarakhand (formerly part of Uttar Pradesh), where villagers used their bodies to protect the trees from logging.

5. What was the primary action taken by activists in the Chipko Movement?

(A) Protesting in front of government buildings

(B) Climbing trees to protect them

(D) Launching hunger strikes

Explanation: The activists, especially the women, hugged the trees to prevent them from being felled by loggers, marking a peaceful and powerful form of protest.

6. Which organization did Sunderlal Bahuguna represent during the Chipko Movement?

(A) Gandhi Smriti Foundation

(B) Wildlife Protection Society of India

(D) None of the above

Explanation: Sunderlal Bahuguna was not specifically representing any organization but was a prominent leader advocating for environmental protection through the Chipko Movement.

7. What inspired the name "Chipko Movement"?

(A) A village name in Uttarakhand

(B) The action of hugging the trees

(D) A political slogan

(B) The action of hugging the trees

Explanation: "Chipko" means "to hug" in Hindi, referring to the activists' act of hugging trees to prevent their felling.

8. The Chipko Movement was primarily a response to what activity?

(A) Mining in forest areas

(B) Deforestation and tree felling

(D) Overgrazing by livestock

(B) Deforestation and tree felling

Explanation: The movement was primarily a reaction to the excessive deforestation and commercial tree felling that threatened the environment.

9. Which type of trees were primarily targeted for protection in the Chipko Movement?

(A) Bamboo

(B) Pine trees

(D) Teak trees

(B) Pine trees

Explanation: The Chipko Movement focused on protecting the pine trees in the forests of Uttarakhand, which were being cut down for timber.

10. Who was the first person to start the Chipko Movement?

(A) Gaura Devi

(B) Sunderlal Bahuguna

(D) Medha Patkar

(A) Gaura Devi

Explanation: Gaura Devi, a woman from Reni village, led the first tree-hugging protest in 1973, making her one of the pioneers of the movement.

11. Which event marked the beginning of the Chipko Movement?

(A) The 1973 tree-hugging protest in Reni village

(B) The 1974 protest at the forest department office

(D) An environmental conference in Delhi

(A) The 1973 tree-hugging protest in Reni village

Explanation: The first tree-hugging protest took place in Reni village in 1973 when the villagers hugged trees to protect them from being felled by the contractors.

12. Which social group had a significant role in the Chipko Movement, especially in the protests?

(A) Farmers

(B) Politicians

(D) Students

Explanation: The women of the local communities played a central role in physically preventing the tree cutting, demonstrating immense courage and leadership.

13. What was the primary cause of resentment that led to the Chipko Movement?

(A) Increasingly difficult farming conditions due to deforestation

(B) Imposition of taxes on forest products

(D) Growing pollution in urban areas

(A) Increasingly difficult farming conditions due to deforestation

Explanation: Deforestation led to soil erosion, reducing agricultural productivity and affecting local livelihoods, which sparked the Chipko Movement.

14. What was the main slogan of the Chipko Movement?

(A) “Save Trees, Save Earth”

(B) “Chipko, Save the Forest”

(D) “Hug a Tree, Save Nature”

(B) “Chipko, Save the Forest”

Explanation: The movement's slogan, "Chipko, Save the Forest," encapsulated the essence of tree-hugging to prevent deforestation and protect forests.

15. The Chipko Movement contributed significantly to the growth of which type of policies in India?

(A) Forest preservation and wildlife conservation policies

(B) Urbanization and industrialization policies

(D) International trade agreements

(A) Forest preservation and wildlife conservation policies

Explanation: The movement helped shape forest conservation policies in India, leading to stronger environmental protections.

16. The Chipko Movement is an example of which type of movement?

(A) Political activism

(B) Ecological conservation

(D) Religious movement

(B) Ecological conservation

Explanation: The Chipko Movement focused on ecological conservation, particularly preventing deforestation and promoting sustainable practices.

17. Which famous environmentalist supported the Chipko Movement?

(A) John Muir

(B) Vandana Shiva

(D) David Attenborough

(B) Vandana Shiva

Explanation: Vandana Shiva, an environmental activist and scholar, supported the Chipko Movement and has been a prominent advocate for forest and biodiversity conservation.

18. What was the primary concern that led to the Chipko Movement?

(A) Protection of wildlife

(B) The expansion of agricultural land

(D) Industrial pollution along the river

Explanation: The Chipko Movement was born out of concerns over the destruction of forests through logging and its harmful effects on local ecosystems and communities.

19. Which river basin was significantly affected by deforestation during the Chipko Movement?

(A) Ganga Basin

(B) Yamuna Basin

(D) Godavari Basin

(A) Ganga Basin

Explanation: The movement took place in the Ganga Basin, specifically in the Himalayan foothills, where the forests were rapidly depleting.

20. Which social group had a significant role in the Chipko Movement, especially in the protests?

(A) Farmers

(B) Politicians

(D) Students

Explanation: Women from local villages played a central role in the protests, physically embracing the trees to prevent them from being cut down.

21. What was the main slogan of the Chipko Movement?

(A) “Save Trees, Save Earth”

(B) “Chipko, Save the Forest”

(D) “Hug a Tree, Save Nature”

(B) “Chipko, Save the Forest”

Explanation: The slogan "Chipko, Save the Forest" became synonymous with the movement’s efforts to protect forests from deforestation by physically embracing trees.

22. The Chipko Movement contributed significantly to the growth of which type of policies in India?

(A) Forest preservation and wildlife conservation policies

(B) Urbanization and industrialization policies

(D) International trade agreements

(A) Forest preservation and wildlife conservation policies

Explanation: The Chipko Movement contributed to strengthening forest conservation policies in India, encouraging the government to take action to prevent deforestation.

23. Who was the first person to start the Chipko Movement?

(A) Gaura Devi

(B) Sunderlal Bahuguna

(D) Medha Patkar

(A) Gaura Devi

Explanation: Gaura Devi is considered the first person to lead the Chipko Movement when she led women in Reni village to protect trees from being felled.

24. Which of the following was the main concern raised by the Chipko Movement regarding the Sardar Sarovar Dam?

(A) It would bring economic prosperity to the region

(B) It would harm the river’s ecology and displace local communities

(D) It would reduce water pollution

(B) It would harm the river’s ecology and displace local communities

Explanation: The Chipko Movement opposed the construction of dams like the Sardar Sarovar Dam as it threatened to displace local communities and disrupt the river’s ecological balance.

25. The Chipko Movement is primarily focused on which type of conservation?

(A) Marine conservation

(B) Forest and environmental conservation

(D) Urban conservation

(B) Forest and environmental conservation

Explanation: The Chipko Movement was focused on forest conservation and preventing the destruction of natural environments due to deforestation.

26. Which of these regions was most affected by deforestation during the Chipko Movement?

(A) The western Himalayan region

(B) The southern plateau

(D) The eastern forests

(A) The western Himalayan region

Explanation: The western Himalayan region, particularly in Uttarakhand, was heavily impacted by deforestation, leading to the Chipko Movement's initiation.

27. What was the response of the local government to the Chipko Movement initially?

(A) Supportive and collaborative

(B) Neutral and inactive

(D) Indifferent, with no action taken

Explanation: The local government initially opposed the movement, with authorities permitting the logging of trees despite the protests.

28. Which of the following was a primary result of the Chipko Movement?

(A) Increase in illegal logging

(B) Widespread deforestation

(D) Construction of new dams

Explanation: The movement led to stronger policies for forest conservation, including the halting of deforestation activities and the implementation of stricter logging regulations.

29. How did the Chipko Movement influence other environmental movements around the world?

(A) It discouraged non-violent protests

(B) It inspired other environmental movements to adopt non-violent direct action strategies

(D) It caused a decline in environmental awareness globally

(B) It inspired other environmental movements to adopt non-violent direct action strategies

Explanation: The Chipko Movement’s peaceful, direct-action approach inspired similar environmental movements globally, demonstrating the power of non-violent protest for ecological causes.

30. What is the significance of the term "Chipko" in the Chipko Movement?

(A) It refers to the river that the movement aimed to protect

(B) It means “to hug” in Hindi, symbolizing the act of hugging trees

(D) It is a local term for the forest resources

(B) It means “to hug” in Hindi, symbolizing the act of hugging trees

Explanation: "Chipko" means "to hug" in Hindi, symbolizing the act of hugging trees to protect them from being felled.

31. What is the significance of the term "Chipko" in the Chipko Movement?

(A) It refers to the river that the movement aimed to protect

(B) It means “to hug” in Hindi, symbolizing the act of hugging trees

(D) It is a local term for the forest resources

(B) It means “to hug” in Hindi, symbolizing the act of hugging trees

Explanation: The word "Chipko" translates to "hug" in Hindi, symbolizing the act of physically embracing trees to protect them from being felled.

32. Who played a key role in organizing the Chipko Movement in the early stages?

(A) Chandi Prasad Bhatt

(B) Sunderlal Bahuguna

(D) John Muir

(A) Chandi Prasad Bhatt

Explanation: Chandi Prasad Bhatt, an environmentalist, played a key role in organizing the Chipko Movement, especially in the early stages of the protests.

33. The Chipko Movement aimed to protect which of the following?

(A) Forests

(B) Wildlife

(D) Agricultural land

(A) Forests

Explanation: The Chipko Movement was primarily aimed at protecting forests from deforestation caused by logging, which threatened the local ecosystem and livelihoods.

34. Which event is considered the first public action of the Chipko Movement?

(A) The 1973 protest in Reni village

(B) The 1974 protest in Tehri

(D) The 1980 protest in the Himalayas

(A) The 1973 protest in Reni village

Explanation: The first public action of the Chipko Movement took place in 1973, when villagers in Reni village hugged trees to prevent their felling by contractors.

35. The Chipko Movement was largely inspired by the ideas of which historical figure?

(A) Mahatma Gandhi

(B) Jawaharlal Nehru

(D) Rajendra Singh

(A) Mahatma Gandhi

Explanation: The movement was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's principles of non-violent resistance, emphasizing peaceful protests to protect the environment.

36. Which of the following was a key achievement of the Chipko Movement?

(A) Complete ban on deforestation in India

(B) Increased industrialization of forest areas

(D) Relocation of communities from forest regions

Explanation: The Chipko Movement resulted in the strengthening of forest conservation policies in India, helping raise awareness about the importance of forest preservation.

37. Which of the following groups played a central role in the Chipko Movement?

(A) Industrialists

(B) Government officials

(D) Students from urban areas

Explanation: Local women played a central role in the Chipko Movement by physically protecting trees through the act of hugging them to prevent deforestation.

38. Which region was the center of the Chipko Movement?

(A) Western Ghats

(B) Himalayan foothills

(D) Deserts of Rajasthan

(B) Himalayan foothills

Explanation: The Chipko Movement began in the Himalayan foothills, particularly in the state of Uttarakhand (then part of Uttar Pradesh), which was heavily affected by deforestation.

39. What kind of protest method was used during the Chipko Movement?

(A) Hunger strikes

(B) Tree hugging to prevent felling

(D) Blocking roads

(B) Tree hugging to prevent felling

Explanation: The primary method used during the Chipko Movement was the act of hugging trees to physically prevent them from being cut down by loggers.

40. Which of the following is a significant environmental concern that the Chipko Movement addressed?

(A) Water scarcity

(B) Air pollution

(D) Urban waste management

Explanation: The Chipko Movement primarily focused on preventing deforestation, which had detrimental effects on the environment, biodiversity, and local livelihoods.

41. Which famous Indian leader's philosophy inspired the Chipko Movement?

(A) Mahatma Gandhi

(B) Jawaharlal Nehru

(D) Subhas Chandra Bose

(A) Mahatma Gandhi

Explanation: The Chipko Movement was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s principles of non-violence and peaceful resistance.

42. What was the significant outcome of the Chipko Movement for local communities?

(A) Increased deforestation rates

(B) Increased industrial development in the forest areas

(D) Complete elimination of forest-based livelihoods

Explanation: The movement empowered local communities, particularly women, to play a leading role in protecting the environment, fostering awareness and activism.

43. The Chipko Movement was initially launched in which part of India?

(A) Eastern Himalayas

(B) Western Ghats

(D) Western Rajasthan

Explanation: The Chipko Movement began in the northern Himalayan region, particularly in the state of Uttarakhand (then part of Uttar Pradesh).

44. What is the primary focus of the Chipko Movement today?

(A) Promoting tourism in the Himalayas

(B) Reducing soil erosion and conserving water

(D) Urban development along the riverbanks

Explanation: While the movement has evolved, its primary focus remains on protecting forests from deforestation and promoting sustainable development practices.

45. How did the Chipko Movement influence forest policy in India?

(A) It led to a ban on all forest products

(B) It resulted in stricter forest conservation laws

(D) It promoted the large-scale commercialization of forest lands

(B) It resulted in stricter forest conservation laws

Explanation: The movement influenced the Indian government to enact stricter laws on forest conservation, leading to the establishment of policies protecting forest resources.

46. What is the meaning of the term "Aviral Dhara" in the context of the Chipko Movement?

(A) Continuous flow of water

(B) Uninterrupted river flow essential for ecosystems

(D) Preservation of biodiversity

(B) Uninterrupted river flow essential for ecosystems

Explanation: "Aviral Dhara" refers to the uninterrupted flow of rivers, which is critical for maintaining ecosystem health and is an idea linked to conservation in the Chipko Movement.

47. Which Indian state is the current focal point of the Chipko Movement's ongoing efforts?

(A) Gujarat

(B) Rajasthan

(D) Uttar Pradesh

Explanation: Uttarakhand remains the focal point of the Chipko Movement, as the region continues to face challenges related to deforestation and environmental protection.

48. The Chipko Movement is often compared to which global environmental movement?

(A) The Green Belt Movement in Kenya

(B) The environmental policies of the European Union

(D) The World Wildlife Fund's conservation efforts

(A) The Green Belt Movement in Kenya

Explanation: Like the Chipko Movement, the Green Belt Movement in Kenya also focused on environmental conservation and the active involvement of local communities in protecting nature.

49. Which forest-based resource was being exploited during the time of the Chipko Movement in Uttarakhand?

(A) Bamboos

(B) Medicinal plants

(D) Fruits and vegetables

Explanation: The forests of Uttarakhand were being exploited for timber to meet industrial demand, which led to widespread deforestation and environmental degradation.

50. How did the Chipko Movement impact women's participation in environmental activism?

(A) It marginalized women's roles in environmental issues

(B) It gave women a central role in environmental protection efforts

(D) It limited women's participation to only local issues

(B) It gave women a central role in environmental protection efforts

Explanation: The Chipko Movement empowered women, giving them a central role in environmental activism and highlighting their key contributions to sustainable conservation efforts.

51. Which of the following is true about the Chipko Movement?

(A) It was primarily an urban-based protest

(B) It was an eco-feminist movement

(D) It was a political movement seeking power

(B) It was an eco-feminist movement

Explanation: The Chipko Movement has been recognized as an eco-feminist movement because of the strong involvement of women in the forest protection protests and their leadership roles in the movement.

52. Which of the following is an achievement of the Chipko Movement?

(A) Creation of large urban areas in Uttarakhand

(B) Banning the felling of trees in some forest areas

(D) Large-scale deforestation across the country

(B) Banning the felling of trees in some forest areas

Explanation: The Chipko Movement led to the banning of the felling of trees in some areas of Uttarakhand, promoting forest conservation and sustainable practices.

53. Who among the following was the first to publicly embrace trees to stop deforestation during the Chipko Movement?

(A) Gaura Devi

(B) Sunderlal Bahuguna

(D) Medha Patkar

(A) Gaura Devi

Explanation: Gaura Devi was the first to publicly embrace trees in the village of Reni, preventing their felling, which marked the beginning of the Chipko Movement.

54. The Chipko Movement helped to create awareness about the importance of which of the following?

(A) Agricultural productivity

(B) Tree conservation and forest preservation

(D) Deforestation for mining

(B) Tree conservation and forest preservation

Explanation: The Chipko Movement raised awareness about the importance of conserving trees and forests, highlighting the detrimental effects of deforestation on the environment.

55. Which Indian government program was influenced by the success of the Chipko Movement?

(A) National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS)

(B) National Forest Policy

(D) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

(B) National Forest Policy

Explanation: The Chipko Movement played a role in influencing India’s National Forest Policy, leading to more stringent forest protection laws and practices.

56. What was one of the key reasons for the Chipko Movement’s success?

(A) The involvement of the Indian government

(B) The use of modern technology to monitor deforestation

(D) The global financial support

Explanation: Women played a central role in the Chipko Movement, organizing protests and physically preventing trees from being felled, which led to the movement's success.

57. Which of the following was a long-term goal of the Chipko Movement?

(A) Increase industrialization in forest areas

(B) Protect and restore forests to ensure environmental sustainability

(D) Reforest only urban areas

(B) Protect and restore forests to ensure environmental sustainability

Explanation: The long-term goal of the Chipko Movement was to protect and restore forests to maintain ecological balance and ensure sustainability.

58. How did the Chipko Movement impact India's forest policy?

(A) It led to the privatization of forest resources

(B) It encouraged more industrial activities in forests

(D) It resulted in the complete commercialization of forest products

Explanation: The movement played a significant role in influencing India’s forest policy, which eventually adopted stricter regulations on forest protection and sustainable use.

59. The Chipko Movement's impact was most significant in which region of India?

(A) The Western Ghats

(B) The Himalayan foothills

(D) The deserts of Rajasthan

(B) The Himalayan foothills

Explanation: The movement's impact was most significant in the Himalayan foothills, particularly in Uttarakhand, where deforestation posed a major threat to the environment.

60. Who was the first to popularize the Chipko Movement outside the Himalayan region?

(A) Sunderlal Bahuguna

(B) Chandi Prasad Bhatt

(D) Rajendra Singh

(A) Sunderlal Bahuguna

Explanation: Sunderlal Bahuguna played a key role in popularizing the movement outside the Himalayan region, leading to national and international recognition.

61. What role did the local communities play in the Chipko Movement?

(A) They were passive observers

(B) They actively participated in protests to protect trees

(D) They were unaware of the movement

(B) They actively participated in protests to protect trees

Explanation: Local communities, especially women, were actively involved in the Chipko Movement, playing a crucial role in protecting trees from logging by physically embracing them.

62. Which of the following is an important aspect of the Chipko Movement's philosophy?

(A) Prioritizing industrial growth

(B) Emphasizing peaceful protests and non-violence

(D) Promoting the displacement of local communities for development

(B) Emphasizing peaceful protests and non-violence

Explanation: The Chipko Movement was rooted in non-violence, inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's principles, focusing on peaceful protests and direct action to protect forests.

63. The Chipko Movement led to the formation of which key environmental law in India?

(A) Forest Conservation Act

(B) Wildlife Protection Act

(D) Air Pollution Control Act

(A) Forest Conservation Act

Explanation: The Chipko Movement contributed to the passing of the Forest Conservation Act, which aimed to prevent the degradation of forest areas and control deforestation.

64. Who was the first woman to lead a successful protest in the Chipko Movement?

(A) Gaura Devi

(B) Medha Patkar

(D) Indira Gandhi

(A) Gaura Devi

Explanation: Gaura Devi led the first successful tree-hugging protest in the village of Reni in 1973, marking a pivotal moment in the Chipko Movement.

65. The Chipko Movement's slogan, "Save Trees, Save Life," emphasizes the importance of:

(A) Increasing agricultural production

(B) The interdependence of forests and human survival

(D) Reducing the consumption of forest products

(B) The interdependence of forests and human survival

Explanation: The slogan highlights the critical role of trees and forests in sustaining life, particularly for local communities that depend on forest resources for their livelihoods.

66. The Chipko Movement was particularly significant for which group of people in India?

(A) Industrialists

(B) Tribal and rural communities

(D) Government officials

(B) Tribal and rural communities

Explanation: The Chipko Movement was particularly significant for rural and tribal communities who were directly dependent on forests for their livelihood.

67. In which region did the first tree-hugging protest of the Chipko Movement occur?

(A) Western Ghats

(B) Reni village, Uttarakhand

(D) Central Himalayas

(B) Reni village, Uttarakhand

Explanation: The first tree-hugging protest of the Chipko Movement took place in Reni village, located in the Uttarakhand region, when villagers embraced trees to protect them from being cut down.

68. The Chipko Movement is an example of which type of activism?

(A) Political activism

(B) Environmental and ecological activism

(D) Social justice activism

(B) Environmental and ecological activism

Explanation: The Chipko Movement is an example of environmental and ecological activism focused on preventing deforestation and promoting sustainable use of forest resources.

69. Which other significant environmental issue did the Chipko Movement raise awareness about?

(A) Air pollution

(B) Soil erosion

(D) Ocean conservation

(B) Soil erosion

Explanation: The Chipko Movement also raised awareness about soil erosion caused by deforestation and its impact on agricultural productivity and local ecosystems.

70. Which famous slogan is associated with the Chipko Movement?

(A) “Save the Ganga, Save Life”

(B) “Plant More Trees”

(D) “Chipko, Save the Forest”

Explanation: The slogan "Chipko, Save the Forest" became synonymous with the Chipko Movement, encapsulating its core message of protecting forests through non-violent action.

71. Which principle was central to the Chipko Movement's approach?

(A) Commercial exploitation of forest resources

(B) Non-violence and peaceful protest

(D) Industrial development in forested areas

(B) Non-violence and peaceful protest

Explanation: The Chipko Movement was based on non-violence and peaceful protest, inspired by Gandhian principles of non-violent resistance.

72. Which of the following factors contributed to the Chipko Movement's success?

(A) Support from urban industrialists

(B) Active involvement of local women

(D) Political backing from the central government

(B) Active involvement of local women

Explanation: The active involvement of local women was a key factor in the success of the movement, as they took the lead in physically protecting trees from being cut down.

73. What was the long-term environmental impact of the Chipko Movement?

(A) Increase in deforestation

(B) Large-scale industrialization in forested areas

(D) Decrease in biodiversity

Explanation: The Chipko Movement led to the development of stronger forest conservation policies in India, including the Forest Conservation Act.

74. The Chipko Movement’s protest against tree-felling in Uttarakhand was mainly directed at which industry?

(A) Timber industry

(B) Mining industry

(D) Urban development industry

(A) Timber industry

Explanation: The protest was primarily against the timber industry, which was logging large areas of forests in Uttarakhand.

75. Which river's ecosystem was directly affected by the deforestation that the Chipko Movement sought to stop?

(A) Yamuna

(B) Narmada

(D) Godavari

Explanation: The deforestation in the Uttarakhand region directly impacted the Ganga River ecosystem by increasing soil erosion, reducing water quality, and affecting the surrounding biodiversity.

76. What was the role of Chandi Prasad Bhatt in the Chipko Movement?

(A) He founded the Chipko Movement

(B) He was the first to hug the trees in Reni village

(D) He was a local politician opposed to the movement

Explanation: Chandi Prasad Bhatt was one of the key organizers and leaders of the Chipko Movement, helping to mobilize local communities to protect the forests.

77. Which of these slogans was popularized during the Chipko Movement?

(A) "Save the Forests, Save the Earth"

(B) "Chipko, Save the Forests"

(D) "Stop Cutting, Start Protecting"

(B) "Chipko, Save the Forests"

Explanation: The slogan "Chipko, Save the Forests" became iconic, capturing the essence of the movement, where people physically embraced trees to prevent deforestation.

78. The success of the Chipko Movement led to the formation of which important environmental organization in India?

(A) World Wildlife Fund (WWF) India

(B) The Nature Conservancy

(D) Chipko Environmental Foundation

(A) World Wildlife Fund (WWF) India

Explanation: The success of the Chipko Movement and other similar local movements led to the strengthening of environmental organizations like WWF India, which began supporting forest conservation efforts.

79. Which of the following was a major critique of the Chipko Movement?

(A) It promoted illegal deforestation

(B) It failed to address the needs of local communities

(D) It led to the exploitation of wildlife

Explanation: Some critics argued that the movement did not adequately address the economic needs of local communities who relied on the forests for their livelihoods.

80. The Chipko Movement’s direct action of hugging trees inspired which other global environmental movements?

(A) The Green Belt Movement in Kenya

(B) The Earth Day Movement in the USA

(D) The Save the Whales Campaign

(A) The Green Belt Movement in Kenya

Explanation: The Green Belt Movement in Kenya, led by Wangari Maathai, was influenced by the Chipko Movement’s model of community-based environmental activism, especially its tree-planting efforts.

81. The Chipko Movement was primarily a response to which of the following environmental issues?

(A) Water scarcity

(B) Air pollution

(D) Overgrazing of pastures

Explanation: The Chipko Movement was a response to deforestation, where local people, especially women, protested against the cutting down of trees in their areas.

82. Which of the following was a key principle advocated by the Chipko Movement?

(A) Non-violent resistance

(B) Expansion of industrialization

(D) Promoting urbanization

(A) Non-violent resistance

Explanation: The Chipko Movement adhered to the principles of non-violent resistance, influenced by Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of peaceful protest against deforestation.

83. Which Indian Prime Minister supported the goals of the Chipko Movement?

(A) Jawaharlal Nehru

(B) Indira Gandhi

(D) Atal Bihari Vajpayee

(B) Indira Gandhi

Explanation: Prime Minister Indira Gandhi supported the Chipko Movement and the conservation efforts it advocated for, especially following the movement’s rise to national prominence.

84. How did the Chipko Movement contribute to forest conservation in India?

(A) By encouraging the large-scale cutting of trees

(B) By promoting the establishment of new industries in forest areas

(D) By increasing the number of logging permits

Explanation: The Chipko Movement raised public awareness about the dangers of deforestation and played a key role in advocating for stricter forest conservation laws in India.

85. What was one of the methods used by the Chipko Movement to prevent tree felling?

(A) Burning down logging camps

(B) Planting trees in deforested areas

(D) Blocking rivers to stop water flow

Explanation: The Chipko Movement is famous for its peaceful method of protest, where activists hugged trees to physically prevent them from being felled by loggers.

86. The Chipko Movement was one of the earliest examples of which of the following in India?

(A) Political protests

(B) Environmental activism

(D) Industrial labor rights movements

(B) Environmental activism

Explanation: The Chipko Movement was one of the earliest and most influential environmental movements in India, focusing on forest conservation and protection.

87. Who is credited with coining the term "Chipko Movement"?

(A) Chandi Prasad Bhatt

(B) Sunderlal Bahuguna

(D) Rajendra Singh

(A) Chandi Prasad Bhatt

Explanation: Chandi Prasad Bhatt is credited with coining the term "Chipko Movement" and played a major role in organizing the movement.

88. The Chipko Movement has been associated with which type of protest?

(A) Violent demonstrations

(B) Peaceful direct action

(D) Political lobbying

(B) Peaceful direct action

Explanation: The Chipko Movement is known for its peaceful, direct action protests, where activists physically embraced trees to prevent them from being cut down.

89. Which of the following was a key achievement of the Chipko Movement in terms of forest management?

(A) The creation of large-scale logging areas

(B) The introduction of community-based forest conservation practices

(D) The expansion of mining operations in forest areas

(B) The introduction of community-based forest conservation practices

Explanation: The Chipko Movement emphasized community-based forest conservation, promoting local people's active participation in protecting their natural environment.

90. How did the Indian government respond to the Chipko Movement?

(A) By ignoring the movement

(B) By supporting the protestors

(D) By increasing deforestation

Explanation: The Chipko Movement led to significant government support for forest conservation, including the adoption of stricter forest protection laws and sustainable resource management practices.

91. Which of the following is a direct consequence of the Chipko Movement on India's environmental policies?

(A) Privatization of forest lands

(B) Increased deforestation in protected areas

(D) The establishment of a national forest industry

Explanation: The Chipko Movement led to the passing of the Forest Conservation Act of 1980, which aimed to curb deforestation and promote sustainable management of forest resources.

92. What kind of trees were primarily targeted for protection in the Chipko Movement?

(A) Oak trees

(B) Pine trees

(D) Teak trees

(B) Pine trees

Explanation: The Chipko Movement primarily focused on protecting pine trees in the Himalayan foothills, which were being felled for timber.

93. Which global environmental issue did the Chipko Movement indirectly address through its actions?

(A) Global warming

(B) Deforestation and its effects on the climate

(D) Pollution of oceans

(B) Deforestation and its effects on the climate

Explanation: The Chipko Movement helped address deforestation, which has significant impacts on the global climate, including contributing to climate change through the loss of carbon-absorbing trees.

94. What was the main role of women in the Chipko Movement?

(A) They were involved in the commercial logging industry

(B) They were the primary leaders in tree-hugging protests

(D) They were mostly passive participants

(B) They were the primary leaders in tree-hugging protests

Explanation: Women played a crucial role in the Chipko Movement, often leading the protests by physically hugging the trees to prevent their felling.

95. The Chipko Movement is also known as which type of social movement?

(A) Religious movement

(B) Political movement

(D) Economic movement

Explanation: The Chipko Movement is primarily recognized as an environmental social movement focused on the protection of forests and the promotion of sustainable environmental practices.

96. What impact did the Chipko Movement have on India’s forest resources?

(A) It led to large-scale deforestation

(B) It promoted sustainable use of forest resources

(D) It reduced the forest cover

(B) It promoted sustainable use of forest resources

Explanation: The movement promoted sustainable forest management practices and increased awareness of the need to protect forests for future generations.

97. The Chipko Movement gained international recognition for its impact on which environmental policy?

(A) National Water Policy

(B) Biodiversity Conservation Policy

(D) Renewable Energy Policy

Explanation: The Chipko Movement played a key role in influencing India’s forest conservation policies, which helped to strengthen laws protecting forest ecosystems and biodiversity.

98. Which leader of the Chipko Movement is often considered the "father" of the movement?

(A) Chandi Prasad Bhatt

(B) Sunderlal Bahuguna

(D) John Muir

(A) Chandi Prasad Bhatt

Explanation: Chandi Prasad Bhatt is often referred to as the "father" of the Chipko Movement due to his early leadership and organizational efforts in the movement.

99. How did the Chipko Movement influence other countries around the world?

(A) It discouraged tree planting

(B) It inspired similar environmental movements globally

(D) It led to large-scale urbanization

(B) It inspired similar environmental movements globally

Explanation: The success of the Chipko Movement inspired similar grassroots environmental movements around the world, such as the Green Belt Movement in Kenya.

100. Which of these was NOT a focus of the Chipko Movement?

(A) Forest conservation

(B) Women’s empowerment

(D) Promoting industrialization in forests

Explanation: The Chipko Movement focused on forest conservation, women's empowerment, and preventing deforestation, and it opposed industrialization in forested areas.

Chipko Movement

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