Sustainable development

Semester – I Interdisciplinary SC 101-ID: Environment and Society

Sustainable development

1. Sustainable development is best defined as:

(A) Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

(B) Development that prioritizes economic growth over environmental preservation.

(C) Development that only focuses on environmental conservation.

(D) Development that maximizes short-term profit.

(A) Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Explanation: This is the most widely accepted definition of sustainable development, focusing on balancing current needs with future opportunities.

2. Which of the following is NOT one of the three pillars of sustainable development?

(A) Economic development

(B) Social inclusion

(C) Environmental protection

(D) Political dominance

(D) Political dominance

Explanation: Sustainable development is built on three pillars: economic development, social inclusion, and environmental protection.

3. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by the United Nations in:

(A) 2015

(B) 2000

(C) 1992

(D) 2020

(A) 2015

Explanation: The United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the 17 SDGs in 2015.

4. Which of the following is one of the SDGs focused on addressing inequality?

(A) Goal 1: No poverty

(B) Goal 4: Quality education

(C) Goal 5: Gender equality

(D) Goal 10: Reduced inequalities

(D) Goal 10: Reduced inequalities

Explanation: SDG 10 aims to reduce inequalities within and among countries.

5. Which international organization is primarily responsible for monitoring progress towards the SDGs?

(A) World Trade Organization (WTO)

(B) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

(C) International Monetary Fund (IMF)

(D) World Bank

(B) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Explanation: The UNDP is the lead agency responsible for overseeing the implementation and monitoring of the SDGs.

6. Which of the following best describes the "precautionary principle" in sustainable development?

(A) Taking action to protect the environment only after harm is proven.

(B) Ignoring potential environmental harm to maximize economic growth.

(C) Taking preventive action to avoid environmental harm even if scientific evidence is not yet conclusive.

(D) Relying solely on scientific studies to guide environmental policy.

(C) Taking preventive action to avoid environmental harm even if scientific evidence is not yet conclusive.

Explanation: The precautionary principle advocates for proactive measures to prevent harm when there is uncertainty about risks to the environment.

7. Which of the following SDGs focuses on ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all?

(A) Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation

(B) Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy

(C) Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth

(D) Goal 9: Industry, innovation, and infrastructure

(B) Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy

Explanation: SDG 7 is focused on ensuring that everyone has access to affordable, clean, and sustainable energy.

8. Which of the following is considered a "sustainable practice" in agriculture?

(A) Heavy reliance on chemical pesticides

(B) Use of genetically modified crops for increased yield

(C) Crop rotation and organic farming methods

(D) Deforestation for expanding agricultural land

(C) Crop rotation and organic farming methods

Explanation: Sustainable agriculture practices like crop rotation and organic farming reduce environmental harm and preserve biodiversity.

9. What is the main aim of the "Sustainable Development Report 2024"?

(A) To provide recommendations on economic growth strategies

(B) To track global progress on SDG implementation

(C) To measure the success of climate change treaties

(D) To promote technological innovation in developing countries

(B) To track global progress on SDG implementation

Explanation: The Sustainable Development Report evaluates and tracks global progress towards achieving the SDGs.

10. Which SDG is related to the protection of life on land?

(A) Goal 14: Life below water

(B) Goal 15: Life on land

(C) Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production

(D) Goal 13: Climate action

(B) Goal 15: Life on land

Explanation: SDG 15 aims to protect, restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems.

11. Which of the following is NOT a principle of sustainable development?

(A) Equity

(B) Efficiency

(C) Innovation

(D) Exploitation of natural resources

(D) Exploitation of natural resources

Explanation: Sustainable development emphasizes the responsible use of natural resources, not their exploitation.

12. The concept of "circular economy" in sustainable development refers to:

(A) Increasing waste generation

(B) Reusing, recycling, and reducing waste in a closed-loop system

(C) Linear production processes

(D) Exporting waste to other countries

(B) Reusing, recycling, and reducing waste in a closed-loop system

Explanation: Circular economy aims to minimize waste by reusing and recycling resources, creating a closed-loop system.

13. Which of the following is a key objective of the "Green Economy" in the context of sustainable development?

(A) Maximizing profit regardless of environmental impact

(B) Ensuring that economic growth is inclusive, environmentally sustainable, and socially inclusive

(C) Focusing solely on short-term economic growth

(D) Limiting technological innovation to preserve resources

(B) Ensuring that economic growth is inclusive, environmentally sustainable, and socially inclusive

Explanation: Green economy aims to foster growth while ensuring environmental sustainability and social inclusion.

14. The term "sustainable consumption" refers to:

(A) Using more resources to boost economic growth

(B) Reducing consumption to increase profitability

(C) Using resources in a way that meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs

(D) Increasing consumption to boost production

(C) Using resources in a way that meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs

Explanation: Sustainable consumption promotes using resources wisely and efficiently to ensure future generations have access to them.

15. What is the role of biodiversity in sustainable development?

(A) Biodiversity has no impact on sustainable development

(B) Biodiversity supports ecosystem services, which are essential for human survival and development

(C) Biodiversity only focuses on the conservation of endangered species

(D) Biodiversity is unrelated to economic growth

(B) Biodiversity supports ecosystem services, which are essential for human survival and development

Explanation: Biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem services like pollination, clean water, and food production, which sustain human societies.

16. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were set with a target year of:

(A) 2020

(B) 2025

(C) 2030

(D) 2050

(C) 2030

Explanation: The SDGs were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 with a target to achieve them by 2030.

17. Which SDG focuses on improving health and well-being for all ages?

(A) Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being

(B) Goal 5: Gender Equality

(C) Goal 4: Quality Education

(D) Goal 1: No Poverty

(A) Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being

Explanation: Goal 3 aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

18. Which of the following is a key component of sustainable urban development?

(A) Rapid industrialization in cities

(B) Minimizing the role of green spaces

(C) Promoting energy efficiency, public transport, and waste management

(D) Expanding cities without planning

(C) Promoting energy efficiency, public transport, and waste management

Explanation: Sustainable urban development involves integrating green practices like energy efficiency, efficient waste management, and improving public transport.

19. Which of the following is a key driver for achieving sustainable development?

(A) Industrialization without environmental constraints

(B) Reducing consumption without improving efficiency

(C) Shifting to renewable energy sources

(D) Maximizing profit by exploiting resources

(C) Shifting to renewable energy sources

Explanation: Transitioning to renewable energy sources helps reduce environmental impact and contributes to long-term sustainability.

20. Which of the following strategies helps in sustainable management of water resources?

(A) Unrestricted water extraction for industrial use

(B) Efficient water management, conservation, and wastewater treatment

(C) Ignoring water scarcity issues

(D) Using chemical fertilizers without regulation

(B) Efficient water management, conservation, and wastewater treatment

Explanation: Sustainable water management practices include conservation, treating wastewater, and using water efficiently to ensure long-term availability.

21. Which of the following SDGs focuses on ensuring access to water and sanitation for all?

(A) Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being

(B) Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

(C) Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

(D) Goal 13: Climate Action

(B) Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

Explanation: Goal 6 focuses on ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

22. Which of the following is a major challenge to achieving sustainable development?

(A) Inefficient energy usage

(B) Lack of public awareness on environmental issues

(C) Uncontrolled urbanization and industrialization

(D) All of the above

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Sustainable development faces challenges such as inefficient energy use, lack of awareness, and uncontrolled urbanization, all of which hinder progress.

23. The concept of "decoupling" in sustainable development refers to:

(A) Separating economic growth from environmental degradation

(B) Increasing consumption to accelerate economic growth

(C) Focusing only on renewable energy resources

(D) Expanding infrastructure without regard to the environment

(A) Separating economic growth from environmental degradation

Explanation: "Decoupling" refers to achieving economic growth while reducing environmental impact, enabling both to progress independently.

24. Which of the following is a principle of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992)?

(A) Everyone is entitled to a healthy environment, but this right must be balanced with economic growth.

(B) Development should be based on a set of binding international agreements.

(C) Environmental protection is a matter of private sector responsibility.

(D) Sustainable development can only be achieved through government intervention.

(A) Everyone is entitled to a healthy environment, but this right must be balanced with economic growth.

Explanation: The Rio Declaration emphasizes that all individuals have the right to live in a healthy environment while considering economic and social factors.

25. The term "greenwashing" refers to:

(A) Marketing a product as environmentally friendly while it is not

(B) Painting products green to make them look better

(C) The process of producing green energy

(D) Encouraging sustainable product designs

(A) Marketing a product as environmentally friendly while it is not

Explanation: Greenwashing is a deceptive practice where companies exaggerate or falsify the environmental benefits of their products.

26. The term "ecological footprint" measures:

(A) The amount of money spent on environmental conservation

(B) The amount of land required to produce the resources a person or community consumes

(C) The carbon emissions from industrial activities

(D) The health impacts of environmental degradation

(B) The amount of land required to produce the resources a person or community consumes

Explanation: The ecological footprint measures the environmental impact by calculating how much land and resources are required to support human activities.

27. Which of the following is NOT part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development?

(A) Ending poverty in all its forms everywhere

(B) Ensuring sustainable economic growth for all countries

(C) Reducing government spending on welfare programs

(D) Achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls

(C) Reducing government spending on welfare programs

Explanation: The 2030 Agenda emphasizes ending poverty, promoting equality, and achieving sustainability, rather than reducing welfare spending.

28. The "planetary boundaries" concept relates to:

(A) A maximum level of economic growth

(B) The thresholds of environmental limits that should not be exceeded

(C) Creating boundaries between different ecological zones

(D) Building sustainable cities

(B) The thresholds of environmental limits that should not be exceeded

Explanation: Planetary boundaries represent environmental thresholds that, if crossed, could result in irreversible damage to the Earth's ecosystems.

29. The "sustainable cities" initiative focuses on:

(A) Increasing urban sprawl and industrialization

(B) Creating energy-efficient buildings, green spaces, and reducing urban carbon footprints

(C) Limiting green technologies in urban areas

(D) Encouraging rural-to-urban migration

(B) Creating energy-efficient buildings, green spaces, and reducing urban carbon footprints

Explanation: Sustainable cities focus on reducing environmental impact through energy-efficient systems, green spaces, and sustainable urban planning.

30. Which of the following is a goal of "sustainable tourism"?

(A) Maximizing short-term economic profits from tourism

(B) Encouraging mass tourism and large resorts

(C) Reducing environmental impacts while promoting local culture and community

(D) Discouraging the protection of natural and cultural resources

(C) Reducing environmental impacts while promoting local culture and community

Explanation: Sustainable tourism seeks to minimize environmental harm and support the social and economic well-being of local communities.

31. Which of the following is an example of sustainable agriculture?

(A) Using chemical pesticides to maximize crop yield

(B) Implementing crop rotation and organic farming

(C) Clearing forests for new agricultural land

(D) Expanding monoculture farming

(B) Implementing crop rotation and organic farming

Explanation: Sustainable agriculture focuses on practices like crop rotation and organic farming that help maintain soil health and reduce environmental impact.

32. The concept of "environmental carrying capacity" refers to:

(A) The maximum number of people a specific ecosystem can support without degrading

(B) The total volume of carbon emissions a country can produce

(C) The amount of waste a region can generate without causing pollution

(D) The resources available for human use

(A) The maximum number of people a specific ecosystem can support without degrading

Explanation: Environmental carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size that an environment can support without causing degradation of natural resources.

33. The United Nations’ “Decade of Action” for the SDGs started in:

(A) 2020

(B) 2015

(C) 2021

(D) 2022

(A) 2020

Explanation: The UN launched the Decade of Action for the SDGs in 2020 to accelerate the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.

34. The concept of “leave no one behind” in the SDGs refers to:

(A) Ensuring that all countries meet their economic targets

(B) Prioritizing the needs of the wealthiest countries

(C) Ensuring that marginalized and vulnerable groups are included in development

(D) Focusing on technological development only

(C) Ensuring that marginalized and vulnerable groups are included in development

Explanation: "Leave no one behind" is a central tenet of the SDGs, ensuring that all people, regardless of their background or circumstances, have access to the benefits of sustainable development.

35. The SDG goal focusing on affordable and clean energy is:

(A) Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

(B) Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

(C) Goal 13: Climate Action

(D) Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

(A) Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

Explanation: SDG Goal 7 aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.

36. Which of the following is a key factor in achieving sustainable economic development?

(A) Reliance on fossil fuels for energy

(B) Economic growth without considering environmental impacts

(C) Innovation, efficiency, and reducing environmental impacts

(D) Ignoring social and environmental consequences of development

(C) Innovation, efficiency, and reducing environmental impacts

Explanation: Sustainable economic development involves innovative solutions, efficient resource use, and reducing negative environmental impacts.

37. The concept of "sustainable livelihoods" refers to:

(A) Creating job opportunities in fossil fuel industries

(B) Ensuring that people’s livelihoods are secure and environmentally sustainable

(C) Maximizing profits without considering environmental or social impacts

(D) Reducing human labor in agricultural industries

(B) Ensuring that people’s livelihoods are secure and environmentally sustainable

Explanation: Sustainable livelihoods focus on ensuring that people’s sources of income and resources are both economically viable and environmentally sustainable.

38. Which SDG specifically focuses on responsible consumption and production?

(A) Goal 10: Reduced Inequality

(B) Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

(C) Goal 14: Life Below Water

(D) Goal 15: Life on Land

(B) Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

Explanation: SDG Goal 12 aims to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns to reduce waste and optimize resource use.

39. What is the main objective of the "Paris Agreement" in relation to sustainable development?

(A) To promote economic growth by any means necessary

(B) To reduce global greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming

(C) To encourage countries to focus on fossil fuel energy production

(D) To decrease reliance on renewable energy sources

(B) To reduce global greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming

Explanation: The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, aims to limit global temperature rise and reduce emissions to mitigate climate change.

40. Which of the following is a strategy to ensure "climate justice" in sustainable development?

(A) Ignoring vulnerable communities in climate change planning

(B) Allocating resources to communities disproportionately impacted by climate change

(C) Prioritizing short-term profits over climate concerns

(D) Reducing development efforts in low-income areas

(B) Allocating resources to communities disproportionately impacted by climate change

Explanation: Climate justice aims to ensure that those most affected by climate change, especially vulnerable communities, are prioritized in adaptation and mitigation efforts.

41. The concept of "sustainable energy" includes:

(A) Energy derived from fossil fuels

(B) Energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs

(C) Energy generated through non-renewable resources

(D) Energy that focuses solely on reducing energy bills

(B) Energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs

Explanation: Sustainable energy refers to energy sources that are renewable and capable of meeting current needs without harming future generations.

42. Which of the following is a major barrier to achieving sustainable development?

(A) Over-reliance on renewable energy sources

(B) Inefficient resource use and waste generation

(C) Complete global cooperation

(D) Implementation of stricter regulations

(B) Inefficient resource use and waste generation

Explanation: Inefficient resource use and excessive waste generation contribute to unsustainable practices, making it harder to achieve sustainable development goals.

43. Which of the following is a key strategy for ensuring food security while promoting sustainable development?

(A) Overexploitation of natural resources for agricultural production

(B) Promoting sustainable agricultural practices like organic farming

(C) Expanding urban agriculture in city centers

(D) Reducing food production to limit waste

(B) Promoting sustainable agricultural practices like organic farming

Explanation: Sustainable agricultural practices like organic farming help conserve soil, water, and biodiversity while ensuring food security.

44. Which of the following is an example of a "green economy" principle?

(A) Focusing solely on economic growth

(B) Integrating environmental protection with economic growth

(C) Maximizing industrial output regardless of environmental impact

(D) Increasing the use of non-renewable resources for faster economic growth

(B) Integrating environmental protection with economic growth

Explanation: The green economy principle integrates economic growth with environmental protection, aiming for sustainable development.

45. The concept of "ecological resilience" refers to:

(A) The ability of an ecosystem to recover from disturbances and maintain its functions

(B) The ability to overuse natural resources without affecting future generations

(C) The process of permanently conserving ecosystems

(D) The ability to create more economic value from ecosystems

(A) The ability of an ecosystem to recover from disturbances and maintain its functions

Explanation: Ecological resilience refers to the capacity of ecosystems to recover from disturbances, such as natural disasters, while maintaining essential functions.

46. Which of the following is an example of a sustainable energy source?

(A) Coal

(B) Oil

(C) Solar energy

(D) Natural gas

(C) Solar energy

Explanation: Solar energy is a renewable and sustainable energy source that does not deplete natural resources or contribute to climate change.

47. Which of the following best describes "greenwashing"?

(A) Environmental protection through government regulation

(B) The practice of making false or exaggerated claims about the environmental benefits of a product or company

(C) A process of making environmental policies more inclusive

(D) A method for designing eco-friendly products

(B) The practice of making false or exaggerated claims about the environmental benefits of a product or company

Explanation: Greenwashing is when a company falsely promotes itself or its products as environmentally friendly to mislead consumers.

48. The "Sustainable Development Goals" (SDGs) aim to:

(A) Achieve universal economic growth at any cost

(B) Eliminate poverty and address global challenges through sustainable development

(C) Prioritize the needs of industrialized countries

(D) Focus only on environmental protection

(B) Eliminate poverty and address global challenges through sustainable development

Explanation: The SDGs focus on achieving inclusive development, ending poverty, protecting the planet, and ensuring prosperity for all.

49. What is the role of "technology" in achieving sustainable development?

(A) Technology only focuses on economic growth

(B) Technology can help improve efficiency, reduce waste, and support renewable energy systems

(C) Technology is irrelevant to sustainable development

(D) Technology promotes the use of non-renewable resources

(B) Technology can help improve efficiency, reduce waste, and support renewable energy systems

Explanation: Technology plays a key role in advancing sustainable development by improving resource efficiency and enabling the use of renewable energy sources.

50. Which of the following is NOT part of the "three pillars" of sustainable development?

(A) Environmental sustainability

(B) Social inclusion

(C) Economic growth

(D) Political dominance

(D) Political dominance

Explanation: The three pillars of sustainable development are environmental sustainability, social inclusion, and economic growth. Political dominance is not one of these pillars.

51. What does the term "carbon footprint" refer to?

(A) The amount of carbon dioxide emitted by a country

(B) The amount of carbon dioxide emitted due to human activities, particularly from the use of fossil fuels

(C) The carbon emissions produced by factories

(D) The carbon content of plants

(B) The amount of carbon dioxide emitted due to human activities, particularly from the use of fossil fuels

Explanation: A carbon footprint measures the total greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels.

52. What is the primary goal of sustainable development?

(A) To ensure that present generations can meet their needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs

(B) To focus on rapid economic growth

(C) To eliminate all forms of industrialization

(D) To only protect natural ecosystems

(A) To ensure that present generations can meet their needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs

Explanation: The core goal of sustainable development is to meet current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.

53. Which of the following is a strategy to promote sustainable water management?

(A) Over-extraction of groundwater

(B) Use of water-intensive crops in drought-prone areas

(C) Water conservation techniques and wastewater treatment

(D) Dumping waste into rivers

(C) Water conservation techniques and wastewater treatment

Explanation: Sustainable water management involves using water wisely, conserving it, and treating wastewater to reduce environmental impacts.

54. Which of the following SDGs focuses on ending hunger, achieving food security, and improving nutrition?

(A) Goal 1: No poverty

(B) Goal 2: Zero Hunger

(C) Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

(D) Goal 4: Quality Education

(B) Goal 2: Zero Hunger

Explanation: SDG Goal 2 focuses on ending hunger, improving nutrition, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

55. Which of the following is an example of an unsustainable practice?

(A) Using renewable energy sources like wind and solar power

(B) Practicing crop rotation in agriculture

(C) Deforestation for agricultural expansion

(D) Recycling materials to reduce waste

(C) Deforestation for agricultural expansion

Explanation: Deforestation, especially for agricultural expansion, depletes ecosystems and biodiversity, making it an unsustainable practice.

56. The concept of "sustainable consumption" promotes:

(A) Using resources at an accelerated rate

(B) Efficient use of resources to reduce waste and environmental impact

(C) Unlimited consumption for economic growth

(D) Consumption of fossil fuels for energy production

(B) Efficient use of resources to reduce waste and environmental impact

Explanation: Sustainable consumption promotes the efficient use of resources, reducing waste, and minimizing the environmental impact of human activities.

57. Which of the following is a principle of the "precautionary approach" in sustainable development?

(A) Ignoring potential risks until they are scientifically proven

(B) Taking preventive measures when there is a potential for harm to the environment or public health

(C) Waiting for more data before making decisions

(D) Promoting economic growth regardless of environmental impact

(B) Taking preventive measures when there is a potential for harm to the environment or public health

Explanation: The precautionary approach advocates for taking proactive steps to prevent environmental or health harm even in the face of scientific uncertainty.

58. Which of the following is an example of a sustainable transportation system?

(A) Expanding highways to accommodate more vehicles

(B) Increasing the use of private cars

(C) Expanding public transportation and cycling infrastructure

(D) Promoting gas-guzzling vehicles

(C) Expanding public transportation and cycling infrastructure

Explanation: Sustainable transportation focuses on reducing emissions and improving efficiency, often by promoting public transport and alternative mobility like cycling.

59. Which of the following is a major objective of the "Paris Agreement" under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)?

(A) To ensure global emissions reach zero by 2050

(B) To limit global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels

(C) To decrease air pollution in urban areas

(D) To focus solely on the economic impacts of climate change

(B) To limit global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels

Explanation: The Paris Agreement's central goal is to limit global temperature rise to below 2°C and strive to limit it to 1.5°C.

60. Which of the following is a key feature of "sustainable urbanization"?

(A) Expanding cities without considering environmental consequences

(B) Reducing pollution, increasing green spaces, and improving public services

(C) Overexploiting resources to build more infrastructure

(D) Creating sprawling cities that depend on fossil fuel energy

(B) Reducing pollution, increasing green spaces, and improving public services

Explanation: Sustainable urbanization focuses on creating eco-friendly cities that reduce pollution, promote green spaces, and enhance quality of life.

61. Which of the following is a major challenge in achieving sustainable development?

(A) Technological innovation

(B) Resource scarcity and environmental degradation

(C) International cooperation

(D) All of the above

(B) Resource scarcity and environmental degradation

Explanation: Resource scarcity and environmental degradation are major obstacles to achieving long-term sustainable development goals.

62. The concept of "environmental justice" focuses on:

(A) Maximizing profits through natural resource exploitation

(B) Ensuring that all people have equal access to a healthy environment and are protected from environmental harm

(C) Minimizing the use of natural resources

(D) Encouraging pollution for economic growth

(B) Ensuring that all people have equal access to a healthy environment and are protected from environmental harm

Explanation: Environmental justice ensures that disadvantaged communities are not disproportionately affected by environmental degradation and have equal access to healthy living conditions.

63. Which SDG focuses on taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts?

(A) Goal 1: No Poverty

(B) Goal 13: Climate Action

(C) Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

(D) Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

(B) Goal 13: Climate Action

Explanation: Goal 13 calls for urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts through mitigation and adaptation strategies.

64. What does the "sustainable use of resources" primarily involve?

(A) Depleting natural resources as fast as possible to increase economic growth

(B) Ensuring that resources are used efficiently and conserved for future generations

(C) Using resources without regard to environmental consequences

(D) Focusing on short-term resource exploitation

(B) Ensuring that resources are used efficiently and conserved for future generations

Explanation: Sustainable resource use focuses on minimizing waste and conserving resources to ensure their availability for future generations.

65. What is a major reason for promoting renewable energy sources in sustainable development?

(A) They produce harmful emissions

(B) They are exhaustible and depleting

(C) They help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change

(D) They are expensive and inefficient

(C) They help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change

Explanation: Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro help reduce carbon emissions and the reliance on finite fossil fuels, mitigating climate change.

66. Which of the following is NOT part of sustainable urban planning?

(A) Expanding green spaces and parks

(B) Promoting energy-efficient infrastructure

(C) Increasing the use of private vehicles

(D) Enhancing public transportation systems

(C) Increasing the use of private vehicles

Explanation: Sustainable urban planning aims to reduce dependence on private vehicles and promote public transportation, cycling, and walking to minimize carbon emissions.

67. The term "climate resilience" refers to:

(A) Ignoring climate risks

(B) Enhancing the capacity of systems and communities to adapt to and recover from climate-related impacts

(C) Rapid industrialization to address climate change

(D) Reducing environmental policies

(B) Enhancing the capacity of systems and communities to adapt to and recover from climate-related impacts

Explanation: Climate resilience involves strengthening systems to withstand climate change impacts, ensuring recovery and adaptation in the face of challenges.

68. Which of the following actions would help reduce a nation's ecological footprint?

(A) Overusing natural resources

(B) Relying on fossil fuels for energy

(C) Promoting energy efficiency and conservation

(D) Increasing waste production

(C) Promoting energy efficiency and conservation

Explanation: Reducing energy consumption and using resources more efficiently can lower a nation’s ecological footprint and its environmental impact.

69. Which of the following is an example of "green building" practices?

(A) Using non-renewable materials for construction

(B) Designing buildings with energy-efficient systems, water conservation, and eco-friendly materials

(C) Ignoring environmental standards for cost savings

(D) Expanding urban sprawl without regard to the environment

(B) Designing buildings with energy-efficient systems, water conservation, and eco-friendly materials

Explanation: Green building practices include the use of energy-efficient technologies, sustainable materials, and water conservation methods in construction.

70. Which of the following actions contributes to reducing the carbon footprint of transportation?

(A) Using electric vehicles instead of gasoline-powered cars

(B) Increasing the use of fossil fuels

(C) Expanding highways to accommodate more vehicles

(D) Limiting the use of public transportation

(A) Using electric vehicles instead of gasoline-powered cars

Explanation: Electric vehicles produce zero emissions, reducing the overall carbon footprint of transportation compared to conventional gasoline-powered vehicles.

71. Which of the following is a key feature of the "circular economy" model?

(A) Continuous extraction of resources without recycling

(B) Maximizing waste generation for economic growth

(C) Reducing, reusing, and recycling materials to minimize waste

(D) Ignoring environmental impacts in production processes

(C) Reducing, reusing, and recycling materials to minimize waste

Explanation: The circular economy focuses on reducing waste by reusing and recycling materials, promoting sustainability and resource efficiency.

72. Which of the following is a key principle of "sustainable development goals" (SDGs)?

(A) Focusing solely on economic growth

(B) Ensuring the welfare of the current generation at the expense of future generations

(C) Promoting inclusive, sustainable economic growth, and environmental protection

(D) Ignoring environmental and social impacts of development

(C) Promoting inclusive, sustainable economic growth, and environmental protection

Explanation: SDGs promote economic growth that is inclusive, reduces inequality, and ensures environmental sustainability for future generations.

73. What is the focus of SDG Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities?

(A) Ensuring affordable housing for all

(B) Expanding urban areas without planning

(C) Fostering sustainable urbanization, reducing pollution, and enhancing green spaces

(D) Maximizing industrial growth in cities

(C) Fostering sustainable urbanization, reducing pollution, and enhancing green spaces

Explanation: SDG Goal 11 aims to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, focusing on reducing environmental impacts.

74. What is the "triple bottom line" in the context of sustainable development?

(A) Focusing only on financial profits

(B) Focusing on social, economic, and environmental factors

(C) Ensuring that economic growth is prioritized over the environment

(D) Concentrating only on reducing environmental impacts

(B) Focusing on social, economic, and environmental factors

Explanation: The "triple bottom line" refers to considering three main pillars: social equity, economic prosperity, and environmental protection in sustainable development.

75. Which of the following is a challenge to achieving sustainable water management?

(A) Over-extraction of groundwater

(B) Conservation of water through advanced irrigation systems

(C) Use of renewable water sources

(D) Efficient wastewater treatment

(A) Over-extraction of groundwater

Explanation: Over-extraction of groundwater leads to depletion of water resources, creating long-term sustainability challenges for water management.

76. The "Green New Deal" in the context of sustainable development focuses on:

(A) Promoting economic growth at the expense of environmental concerns

(B) Creating a comprehensive economic plan that emphasizes clean energy, jobs, and tackling climate change

(C) Expanding fossil fuel industries

(D) Restricting environmental protections to encourage business growth

(B) Creating a comprehensive economic plan that emphasizes clean energy, jobs, and tackling climate change

Explanation: The Green New Deal aims to combine environmental sustainability with job creation and tackling climate change.

77. Which of the following is considered an example of a "sustainable practice" in forestry?

(A) Clear-cutting forests for timber

(B) Over-harvesting timber to maximize profits

(C) Managing forests using sustainable harvesting techniques and reforestation

(D) Ignoring the ecological value of forests in logging practices

(C) Managing forests using sustainable harvesting techniques and reforestation

Explanation: Sustainable forestry practices involve harvesting timber in a way that preserves the forest ecosystem and regenerates it for future use.

78. What does the "precautionary principle" encourage in environmental decision-making?

(A) Taking action only when harm is proven

(B) Taking preventive measures to avoid environmental harm, even when scientific evidence is not yet fully established

(C) Ignoring environmental risks in favor of economic growth

(D) Delaying action until more data is available

(B) Taking preventive measures to avoid environmental harm, even when scientific evidence is not yet fully established

Explanation: The precautionary principle advocates for preventive action to protect the environment and public health, even in the face of uncertainty.

79. Which of the following is NOT a common goal of sustainable urban development?

(A) Promoting public transportation and reducing car dependency

(B) Expanding industrial zones without considering environmental impacts

(C) Increasing green spaces and improving air quality

(D) Implementing energy-efficient building designs

(B) Expanding industrial zones without considering environmental impacts

Explanation: Sustainable urban development seeks to balance growth with environmental protection, reducing pollution and improving quality of life.

80. Which of the following is an example of sustainable consumption?

(A) Buying cheap, disposable goods that lead to increased waste

(B) Choosing durable, high-quality products that can be reused or recycled

(C) Purchasing products that are difficult to recycle

(D) Using products that contribute to environmental degradation

(B) Choosing durable, high-quality products that can be reused or recycled

Explanation: Sustainable consumption involves choosing products that are durable, reusable, and recyclable, minimizing waste and environmental impact.

81. Which of the following is a core element of "sustainable agriculture"?

(A) Maximizing pesticide use

(B) Encouraging monoculture farming

(C) Reducing soil fertility for higher yields

(D) Using crop rotation and minimizing chemical inputs

(D) Using crop rotation and minimizing chemical inputs

Explanation: Sustainable agriculture focuses on practices such as crop rotation and minimizing harmful chemicals to maintain healthy soil and reduce environmental harm.

82. What is the "sustainable development index" used for?

(A) Measuring the financial growth of nations

(B) Ranking countries based on their environmental policies

(C) Assessing the progress of countries towards achieving the SDGs

(D) Evaluating a country’s military strength

(C) Assessing the progress of countries towards achieving the SDGs

Explanation: The Sustainable Development Index is used to track global progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations.

83. Which of the following is NOT an example of a sustainable energy source?

(A) Wind energy

(B) Solar energy

(C) Coal energy

(D) Hydropower

(C) Coal energy

Explanation: Coal is a non-renewable fossil fuel and contributes to pollution, unlike renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower.

84. Which of the following is an example of "environmental education"?

(A) Teaching students about climate change and sustainability

(B) Promoting increased industrial production

(C) Encouraging people to ignore the environmental impact of their actions

(D) Focusing only on economic growth

(A) Teaching students about climate change and sustainability

Explanation: Environmental education empowers individuals with knowledge about environmental challenges and promotes responsible behaviors to ensure sustainable futures.

85. What is the role of "public policy" in sustainable development?

(A) Ignoring environmental and social impacts in decision-making

(B) Encouraging short-term economic growth at the expense of environmental health

(C) Creating frameworks for promoting environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic stability

(D) Focusing only on private sector growth

(C) Creating frameworks for promoting environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic stability

Explanation: Public policy helps create a regulatory environment that supports sustainable development by balancing economic, social, and environmental concerns.

86. Which of the following is a benefit of sustainable development?

(A) Depletion of natural resources for quick economic gain

(B) Long-term economic stability and environmental health

(C) Increased waste generation

(D) Maximizing carbon emissions for energy production

(B) Long-term economic stability and environmental health

Explanation: Sustainable development focuses on ensuring long-term economic growth while preserving environmental health and social equity for future generations.

87. The concept of "social sustainability" focuses on:

(A) Maximizing corporate profits

(B) Creating an equitable society by promoting social well-being and inclusion

(C) Limiting economic growth to preserve social structures

(D) Focusing only on environmental protection

(B) Creating an equitable society by promoting social well-being and inclusion

Explanation: Social sustainability aims to create a society that promotes social inclusion, equity, and well-being for all people.

88. Which of the following is an example of "corporate social responsibility" (CSR) in sustainable development?

(A) Ignoring environmental regulations

(B) Companies investing in projects that improve community welfare, environmental protection, and economic opportunities

(C) Maximizing profit by disregarding workers’ rights

(D) Focusing solely on shareholder profits

(B) Companies investing in projects that improve community welfare, environmental protection, and economic opportunities

Explanation: CSR involves companies taking responsibility for their impact on society and the environment by supporting sustainable practices that benefit communities and the planet.

89. Which of the following is a feature of "climate-smart agriculture"?

(A) Using excessive chemical fertilizers

(B) Implementing sustainable practices that increase resilience to climate change while ensuring food security

(C) Expanding monoculture farming

(D) Ignoring environmental impact for higher yield

(B) Implementing sustainable practices that increase resilience to climate change while ensuring food security

Explanation: Climate-smart agriculture integrates climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies to enhance food security and environmental sustainability.

90. Which of the following is a major challenge in achieving "sustainable consumption"?

(A) Educating consumers about the environmental impact of their choices

(B) Encouraging resource-intensive consumption patterns

(C) Promoting unsustainable production practices

(D) Ignoring waste management practices

(A) Educating consumers about the environmental impact of their choices

Explanation: Achieving sustainable consumption requires educating consumers about the environmental impact of their purchasing decisions and encouraging responsible consumption habits.

91. Which of the following is a key goal of sustainable development in the context of biodiversity conservation?

(A) Maximizing industrial activities at the cost of natural habitats

(B) Conserving ecosystems and species to maintain ecological balance and support human well-being

(C) Focusing only on increasing the human population

(D) Destroying habitats for large-scale infrastructure development

(B) Conserving ecosystems and species to maintain ecological balance and support human well-being

Explanation: Sustainable development aims to conserve biodiversity and ecosystems, ensuring that they continue to provide essential services to humanity.

92. Which of the following is an example of sustainable waste management?

(A) Disposing of waste in landfills without recycling

(B) Implementing waste reduction, recycling, and composting strategies

(C) Burning waste in open fields

(D) Ignoring waste management policies

(B) Implementing waste reduction, recycling, and composting strategies

Explanation: Sustainable waste management practices focus on reducing waste production, recycling materials, and composting organic waste to reduce environmental harm.

93. What does "sustainable tourism" focus on?

(A) Maximizing profit without regard for environmental or social impacts

(B) Promoting mass tourism and overexploitation of resources

(C) Encouraging tourism that conserves natural and cultural heritage, while benefiting local communities

(D) Ignoring the cultural and environmental impacts of tourism

(C) Encouraging tourism that conserves natural and cultural heritage, while benefiting local communities

Explanation: Sustainable tourism focuses on minimizing negative impacts on the environment and local culture, while ensuring economic benefits for local communities.

94. The "Global Reporting Initiative" (GRI) standards are used to:

(A) Create international environmental regulations

(B) Measure and report a company's social, environmental, and economic performance

(C) Promote only financial reporting

(D) Regulate international trade

(B) Measure and report a company's social, environmental, and economic performance

Explanation: The GRI standards provide guidelines for companies to report their sustainability performance in a transparent and consistent manner.

95. Which of the following is a key principle of "sustainable fashion"?

(A) Maximizing the use of synthetic fabrics

(B) Reducing waste through recycling, using eco-friendly materials, and ensuring ethical labor practices

(C) Encouraging fast fashion trends that contribute to waste

(D) Ignoring the environmental impact of textile production

(B) Reducing waste through recycling, using eco-friendly materials, and ensuring ethical labor practices

Explanation: Sustainable fashion focuses on reducing environmental and social impacts by using eco-friendly materials, promoting ethical labor practices, and recycling garments.

96. The "Ellen MacArthur Foundation" focuses on promoting:

(A) Linear economy principles

(B) Sustainable resource use through a circular economy

(C) Fossil fuel-based economic models

(D) The global shift to non-renewable energy

(B) Sustainable resource use through a circular economy

Explanation: The Ellen MacArthur Foundation promotes a circular economy model, which focuses on reducing waste and keeping resources in use for as long as possible.

97. Which SDG is focused on achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls?

(A) Goal 1: No Poverty

(B) Goal 5: Gender Equality

(C) Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

(D) Goal 10: Reduced Inequality

(B) Goal 5: Gender Equality

Explanation: SDG Goal 5 focuses on achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls, addressing gender disparities in all areas of society.

98. Which of the following is a direct consequence of deforestation?

(A) Increased biodiversity

(B) Enhanced carbon sequestration

(C) Loss of habitat for wildlife and increased carbon emissions

(D) Improved air quality

(C) Loss of habitat for wildlife and increased carbon emissions

Explanation: Deforestation leads to the loss of habitat for wildlife and contributes to increased carbon emissions due to the burning or decomposition of trees.

99. The "Natural Capital" concept refers to:

(A) The capital generated from natural disasters

(B) The world’s stock of natural resources and ecosystems, which provide services to humanity

(C) The wealth of industries based on natural resources

(D) The accumulation of money invested in environmental conservation

(B) The world’s stock of natural resources and ecosystems, which provide services to humanity

Explanation: Natural capital refers to the world’s resources, such as air, water, land, and ecosystems, which provide essential services like clean water, food, and climate regulation.

100. Which of the following is NOT a target of SDG Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production?

(A) Reducing food waste at the consumer and retail levels

(B) Improving resource efficiency in production processes

(C) Encouraging wasteful and excessive consumption

(D) Promoting sustainable practices in businesses and industries

(C) Encouraging wasteful and excessive consumption

Explanation: SDG Goal 12 focuses on responsible consumption and production by promoting efficient use of resources, reducing waste, and encouraging sustainable practices.