Global Warming and Climate Change

Semester – I Interdisciplinary SC 101-ID: Environment and Society

1. What is the primary cause of global warming?

(A) Solar radiation

(B) Greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide from human activities

(D) Changes in Earth’s orbit

(B) Greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide from human activities

Explanation: Global warming is primarily caused by the increased concentration of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere due to human activities like burning fossil fuels.

2. Which of the following gases is considered the most important greenhouse gas contributing to global warming?

(A) Nitrous oxide

(B) Methane

(D) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Explanation: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas contributing to global warming, as it accounts for a significant portion of human-made emissions from burning fossil fuels.

3. Which of the following is a consequence of global warming?

(A) Cooling of Earth's surface

(B) Melting of glaciers and polar ice caps

(D) Increase in forest areas

(B) Melting of glaciers and polar ice caps

Explanation: Global warming leads to rising temperatures, causing glaciers and polar ice caps to melt, contributing to rising sea levels.

4. What is the greenhouse effect?

(A) The cooling effect caused by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

(B) The process by which greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun in Earth's atmosphere

(D) The process by which forests release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

(B) The process by which greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun in Earth's atmosphere

Explanation: The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat, warming the planet and maintaining temperatures suitable for life.

5. Which of the following is the most significant human activity contributing to global warming?

(A) Industrial activities

(B) Deforestation

(D) Burning of fossil fuels

Explanation: The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas for energy production is the largest human activity contributing to global warming, releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

6. What is the effect of deforestation on climate change?

(A) It decreases carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere

(B) It increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

(D) It helps increase the ozone layer

(B) It increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Explanation: Deforestation leads to the release of stored carbon dioxide from trees into the atmosphere, exacerbating global warming. Trees absorb CO2, and their removal reduces this capacity.

7. Which sector is responsible for the largest share of global greenhouse gas emissions?

(A) Agriculture

(B) Transport

(D) Energy production

Explanation: Energy production, including the burning of fossil fuels for electricity and heat, is the largest sector contributing to global greenhouse gas emissions.

8. Which of the following is a natural source of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

(A) Deforestation

(B) Fossil fuel combustion

(D) Industrial emissions

Explanation: Volcanic eruptions release carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere naturally. However, human activities have greatly increased carbon dioxide levels in recent times.

9. What is the effect of global warming on the ocean's temperature?

(A) It causes a cooling of the oceans

(B) It increases the ocean's temperature, leading to coral bleaching

(D) It decreases the amount of water vapor in the oceans

(B) It increases the ocean's temperature, leading to coral bleaching

Explanation: Global warming raises ocean temperatures, which can cause coral reefs to expel the symbiotic algae living within them, leading to coral bleaching and the death of coral ecosystems.

10. What is the role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?

(A) To regulate greenhouse gas emissions globally

(B) To study and report on climate change science and its effects

(D) To create international policies on climate change mitigation

(B) To study and report on climate change science and its effects

Explanation: The IPCC assesses the science related to climate change and its effects, providing policymakers with the information needed to make decisions on climate action.

11. What is the main greenhouse gas responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer?

(A) Carbon dioxide

(B) Methane

(D) Nitrous oxide

Explanation: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are responsible for ozone layer depletion as they break down ozone molecules in the stratosphere, which protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

12. Which of the following is an effect of global warming on the Arctic region?

(A) Decrease in sea ice extent

(B) Increased snowfall and ice accumulation

(D) Cooling of the Arctic region

(A) Decrease in sea ice extent

Explanation: Global warming is causing the Arctic region to warm at a faster rate than other parts of the world, resulting in the reduction of sea ice extent and the melting of glaciers.

13. What is one potential consequence of melting polar ice caps?

(A) Decrease in sea levels

(B) Increased freshwater availability

(D) More stable ocean currents

Explanation: Melting polar ice caps contribute to rising sea levels, which can flood coastal cities and change ecosystems, causing further damage to coastal environments.

14. How do human activities impact the carbon cycle?

(A) By absorbing more carbon dioxide than natural processes

(B) By releasing excess carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through activities like burning fossil fuels

(D) By converting carbon dioxide into oxygen through industrial processes

(B) By releasing excess carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through activities like burning fossil fuels

Explanation: Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, disrupting the natural carbon cycle and contributing to global warming.

15. Which of the following countries is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide as of recent years?

(A) India

(B) United States

(D) Brazil

Explanation: China is the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide, largely due to its heavy reliance on coal for energy production and rapid industrialization.

16. Which of the following is one of the main consequences of rising global temperatures?

(A) Longer growing seasons for all crops

(B) Expansion of polar ice sheets

(D) Decreased sea levels

Explanation: Rising global temperatures are linked to an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, including heatwaves, hurricanes, and severe storms, due to changes in atmospheric conditions.

17. What is the main purpose of the Paris Agreement on climate change?

(A) To achieve net-zero emissions by 2050

(B) To reduce global warming to below 2°C, ideally to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels

(D) To mandate carbon pricing in all countries

(B) To reduce global warming to below 2°C, ideally to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels

Explanation: The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, aims to limit global warming to below 2°C, with a further target of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, through national commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

18. Which of the following is the largest natural source of methane emissions?

(A) Agricultural activities

(B) Fossil fuel extraction

(D) Livestock digestion

Explanation: Wetlands and marshes are the largest natural sources of methane emissions, as methane is produced during the decomposition of organic matter in anaerobic conditions (absence of oxygen).

19. What is the effect of global warming on the oceans?

(A) It leads to increased fish populations

(B) It causes the ocean's pH to increase, making it less acidic

(D) It stabilizes marine ecosystems and coral reefs

Explanation: Global warming leads to the melting of polar ice caps, contributing to rising sea levels. Additionally, the warmer temperatures cause ocean acidification, affecting marine ecosystems and biodiversity.

20. Which greenhouse gas is primarily responsible for the formation of smog in urban areas?

(A) Methane

(B) Nitrous oxide

(D) Ground-level ozone

Explanation: Ground-level ozone is a key component of smog, formed when sunlight reacts with pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides, commonly from vehicle emissions and industrial activities.

21. What is the "carbon footprint" of an individual or organization?

(A) The total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted by human activities

(B) The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by forests and oceans

(D) The carbon stored in soil and vegetation

(A) The total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted by human activities

Explanation: The carbon footprint measures the total amount of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, emitted due to human activities like transportation, energy consumption, and industrial processes.

22. How can reducing deforestation help mitigate climate change?

(A) By increasing the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere

(B) By preventing the destruction of ecosystems that help absorb carbon dioxide

(D) By reducing the carbon capture potential of oceans

(B) By preventing the destruction of ecosystems that help absorb carbon dioxide

Explanation: Forests act as carbon sinks by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Reducing deforestation helps maintain these ecosystems and reduces the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere, mitigating climate change.

23. What is the primary source of carbon dioxide emissions in the transportation sector?

(A) Gasoline and diesel fuel combustion in vehicles

(B) Air travel emissions

(D) Carbon dioxide from the ocean

(A) Gasoline and diesel fuel combustion in vehicles

Explanation: The primary source of carbon dioxide emissions in the transportation sector is the burning of gasoline and diesel fuels in vehicles, including cars, trucks, and airplanes.

24. Which of the following can help reduce the impact of global warming on agriculture?

(A) Increase in pesticide use

(B) Use of genetically modified crops that are resistant to climate extremes

(D) Decrease in water conservation efforts

(B) Use of genetically modified crops that are resistant to climate extremes

Explanation: Genetically modified crops designed to be resistant to extreme weather conditions such as drought or flooding can help mitigate the impacts of global warming on agricultural productivity.

25. What is the role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?

(A) To regulate carbon emissions

(B) To provide scientific assessments and policy recommendations on climate change

(D) To promote the use of renewable energy sources

(B) To provide scientific assessments and policy recommendations on climate change

Explanation: The IPCC is a scientific body that assesses the latest climate science, provides policy recommendations, and informs global decision-making on climate change mitigation and adaptation.

26. Which of the following sectors is responsible for the largest share of global greenhouse gas emissions?

(A) Agriculture

(B) Energy production

(D) Waste management

(B) Energy production

Explanation: Energy production, including the burning of fossil fuels for electricity and heat, is the largest source of global greenhouse gas emissions, contributing significantly to global warming.

27. What is the primary reason for the increase in the frequency of extreme weather events?

(A) Decreased atmospheric pressure

(B) Global warming and climate change

(D) Reduction in forest areas

(B) Global warming and climate change

Explanation: Global warming and climate change are causing shifts in weather patterns, leading to an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events like hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves.

28. Which international treaty aimed at reducing carbon emissions was signed in 1997?

(A) The Kyoto Protocol

(B) The Paris Agreement

(D) The Copenhagen Accord

(A) The Kyoto Protocol

Explanation: The Kyoto Protocol, signed in 1997, aimed to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by setting legally binding targets for developed countries to cut their emissions by 5% from 1990 levels.

29. Which of the following is a renewable energy source?

(A) Coal

(B) Natural gas

(D) Oil

Explanation: Solar energy is a renewable energy source because it is replenished naturally and can be used sustainably, unlike fossil fuels which are finite and contribute to global warming.

30. What is the impact of increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere on the oceans?

(A) It decreases ocean temperatures

(B) It causes ocean acidification

(D) It decreases the salinity of ocean water

(B) It causes ocean acidification

Explanation: Increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere lead to more CO2 being absorbed by the oceans, causing ocean acidification, which harms marine life, particularly coral reefs and shellfish.

31. Which of the following is a major effect of global warming on ecosystems?

(A) Increased biodiversity

(B) Disruption of species migration and breeding patterns

(D) Stable and predictable weather patterns

(B) Disruption of species migration and breeding patterns

Explanation: Global warming disrupts ecosystems by altering temperature and weather patterns, which affects species migration, breeding, and food availability, leading to ecological imbalances.

32. Which of the following is the primary source of methane emissions?

(A) Natural gas extraction

(B) Deforestation

(D) Industrial waste

Explanation: Agricultural activities, especially livestock farming, are a major source of methane emissions, as methane is released during digestion (enteric fermentation) in ruminant animals like cows and sheep.

33. What is the relationship between global warming and sea level rise?

(A) Global warming leads to the expansion of water molecules, causing sea levels to rise

(B) Global warming leads to a decrease in ocean temperatures, which lowers sea levels

(D) Global warming causes the water in the ocean to evaporate, lowering sea levels

Explanation: Global warming contributes to the melting of glaciers and ice caps, adding more water to the oceans and causing sea levels to rise, which threatens coastal communities and ecosystems.

34. Which of the following is a major greenhouse gas released during the combustion of fossil fuels?

(A) Ozone

(B) Nitrous oxide

(D) Water vapor

Explanation: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas released during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, contributing significantly to global warming.

35. Which region of the world is warming faster than other regions due to climate change?

(A) The equator

(B) The Arctic

(D) The deserts

(B) The Arctic

Explanation: The Arctic region is warming at more than twice the global average rate, a phenomenon known as "Arctic amplification," causing accelerated ice melt and other climate disruptions in the region.

36. What is one of the primary goals of the Paris Agreement on climate change?

(A) To eliminate all greenhouse gas emissions by 2030

(B) To limit the global temperature rise to below 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels

(D) To end the use of fossil fuels worldwide

(B) To limit the global temperature rise to below 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels

Explanation: The primary goal of the Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, is to limit the global temperature rise to below 2°C, with efforts to limit it to 1.5°C, in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

37. What is "carbon sequestration"?

(A) The process of releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

(B) The capture and storage of carbon dioxide in natural or artificial reservoirs

(D) The conversion of carbon dioxide into oxygen by plants

(B) The capture and storage of carbon dioxide in natural or artificial reservoirs

Explanation: Carbon sequestration refers to the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) either in natural systems like forests and soil or in engineered systems such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities.

38. Which of the following is a major contributor to ocean acidification?

(A) Increased levels of dissolved oxygen

(B) Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

(D) Increased methane emissions

(B) Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Explanation: Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans, lowering the pH of seawater and causing ocean acidification, which harms marine life, particularly coral reefs.

39. Which of the following is an example of mitigation efforts to address climate change?

(A) Building seawalls to protect coastal cities

(B) Adapting agricultural practices to cope with climate change impacts

(D) Building flood defenses in areas at risk of flooding

Explanation: Mitigation efforts focus on reducing or preventing the emission of greenhouse gases. Transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power helps reduce emissions and mitigate the impact of climate change.

40. What is the impact of global warming on agriculture?

(A) Increased crop yields in all regions

(B) A reduction in the number of droughts

(D) Stable agricultural productivity worldwide

Explanation: Global warming contributes to more frequent and severe weather events such as heatwaves, droughts, and flooding, which can reduce agricultural productivity and threaten food security.

41. How do deforestation and global warming affect the carbon cycle?

(A) They decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

(B) They increase the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere

(D) They reduce oxygen levels in the atmosphere

(B) They increase the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere

Explanation: Deforestation releases stored carbon dioxide from trees into the atmosphere, contributing to higher levels of greenhouse gases and accelerating global warming.

42. Which of the following international agreements aims to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases?

(A) The Montreal Protocol

(B) The Paris Agreement

(D) The Biodiversity Convention

(B) The Paris Agreement

Explanation: The Paris Agreement is an international treaty aimed at reducing global greenhouse gas emissions to limit global temperature rise and mitigate climate change impacts.

43. What is "climate adaptation" in the context of climate change?

(A) Reducing emissions to prevent climate change

(B) Modifying infrastructure to accommodate changes in the climate

(D) Ignoring the effects of climate change and continuing business as usual

(B) Modifying infrastructure to accommodate changes in the climate

Explanation: Climate adaptation involves making adjustments to social, economic, and environmental practices, infrastructure, and systems to minimize the negative effects of climate change and enhance resilience.

44. Which of the following is a potential impact of global warming on water resources?

(A) Increased availability of freshwater

(B) Changes in rainfall patterns, leading to more frequent droughts and floods

(D) Decreased evaporation rates

(B) Changes in rainfall patterns, leading to more frequent droughts and floods

Explanation: Global warming can alter rainfall patterns, causing more frequent and severe droughts in some regions and floods in others, which affects the availability of freshwater resources.

45. What is the term for the gradual increase in Earth's surface temperature due to the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

(A) Global cooling

(B) Global warming

(D) Ozone depletion

(B) Global warming

Explanation: Global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's surface temperature caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane.

46. Which of the following greenhouse gases is released primarily by livestock during digestion?

(A) Nitrous oxide

(B) Carbon dioxide

(D) Ozone

Explanation: Methane is a potent greenhouse gas released primarily during the digestion process of livestock, such as cows, through a process known as enteric fermentation.

47. What is the purpose of carbon pricing as an economic policy tool in addressing climate change?

(A) To encourage the increase in fossil fuel consumption

(B) To promote the adoption of renewable energy technologies

(D) To provide financial support for fossil fuel industries

Explanation: Carbon pricing, such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade systems, aims to internalize the environmental costs of carbon emissions, creating financial incentives for industries to reduce their emissions and transition to cleaner energy sources.

48. Which of the following countries has the highest per capita greenhouse gas emissions?

(A) China

(B) United States

(D) Brazil

(B) United States

Explanation: While China is the largest emitter in total, the United States has the highest per capita greenhouse gas emissions, largely due to high levels of energy consumption and transportation-related emissions.

49. What is one of the main objectives of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)?

(A) To create a global carbon tax

(B) To negotiate legally binding international treaties to reduce emissions

(D) To provide financial support to fossil fuel industries

(B) To negotiate legally binding international treaties to reduce emissions

Explanation: The UNFCCC aims to provide a platform for international negotiations to address climate change, culminating in legally binding agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

50. Which of the following is the primary driver of sea-level rise due to climate change?

(A) Melting of polar ice caps

(B) Increased rainfall

(D) Increased volcanic activity

(A) Melting of polar ice caps

Explanation: The melting of polar ice caps due to higher global temperatures contributes to rising sea levels, as the water from the melting ice flows into the oceans.

51. Which of the following best describes the term "climate change mitigation"?

(A) Efforts to adapt to the impacts of climate change

(B) Measures to reduce or prevent the emission of greenhouse gases

(D) Policies to increase global temperatures

(B) Measures to reduce or prevent the emission of greenhouse gases

Explanation: Climate change mitigation involves reducing or preventing the emission of greenhouse gases through measures such as the transition to renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency.

52. What is the term for the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide emissions to prevent them from entering the atmosphere?

(A) Carbon sequestration

(B) Carbon offsetting

(D) Carbon absorption

(A) Carbon sequestration

Explanation: Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing carbon dioxide emissions and storing them, either in natural reservoirs like forests or in artificial storage sites, to prevent their release into the atmosphere.

53. What is the main objective of the Kyoto Protocol?

(A) To eliminate greenhouse gas emissions by 2020

(B) To establish carbon pricing mechanisms globally

(D) To promote the use of fossil fuels in developing countries

Explanation: The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, established binding emission reduction targets for developed countries, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in response to global warming.

54. Which of the following sectors contributes the most to global methane emissions?

(A) Transportation

(B) Industrial manufacturing

(D) Energy production

Explanation: The agricultural sector, particularly livestock farming, is the largest source of methane emissions, as methane is produced during the digestion of food by ruminant animals.

55. What is the main effect of ocean acidification?

(A) Increase in fish populations

(B) Damage to marine life, particularly coral reefs

(D) Higher fishery yields

(B) Damage to marine life, particularly coral reefs

Explanation: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, leads to a decrease in ocean pH, which harms marine organisms, especially coral reefs, that rely on calcium carbonate to form shells and skeletons.

56. Which international organization is responsible for producing the scientific reports on climate change that inform global policy discussions?

(A) World Trade Organization (WTO)

(B) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

(D) World Health Organization (WHO)

(B) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Explanation: The IPCC is the scientific body responsible for assessing climate change science, its impacts, and the measures needed to mitigate and adapt to it, providing crucial reports to guide policy decisions worldwide.

57. What is the main purpose of carbon offset programs?

(A) To reduce the carbon emissions from industrial activities

(B) To compensate for emissions by investing in projects that reduce or remove greenhouse gases

(D) To capture carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere

(B) To compensate for emissions by investing in projects that reduce or remove greenhouse gases

Explanation: Carbon offset programs allow individuals or organizations to compensate for their emissions by investing in projects that reduce or remove an equivalent amount of greenhouse gases, such as renewable energy projects or reforestation initiatives.

58. What is the primary goal of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies?

(A) To reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released from fossil fuel combustion by capturing it and storing it underground

(B) To convert carbon dioxide into oxygen

(D) To promote the use of renewable energy sources

(A) To reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released from fossil fuel combustion by capturing it and storing it underground

Explanation: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology that captures carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from sources like power plants and stores it underground to prevent it from entering the atmosphere and contributing to global warming.

59. Which of the following is a characteristic of a "low-carbon economy"?

(A) High reliance on fossil fuels for energy production

(B) A shift towards using renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency

(D) A reduction in the use of energy-efficient technologies

(B) A shift towards using renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency

Explanation: A low-carbon economy focuses on reducing carbon emissions by shifting to renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower, and by improving energy efficiency in industrial, commercial, and residential sectors.

60. What is the primary source of oceanic warming, which contributes to global sea level rise?

(A) Volcanic activity on the ocean floor

(B) Increased temperatures caused by global warming

(D) Melting ice caps contributing more freshwater to the oceans

(B) Increased temperatures caused by global warming

Explanation: Oceanic warming is primarily caused by global warming, which raises the temperature of ocean waters. As the oceans absorb excess heat from the atmosphere, it leads to thermal expansion of seawater, contributing to sea level rise.

61. Which of the following practices is essential to mitigating the effects of global warming on agriculture?

(A) Use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to withstand climate stresses

(B) Expanding urban areas into agricultural land

(D) Relying on fossil fuels for agricultural machinery

(A) Use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to withstand climate stresses

Explanation: The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) designed to withstand extreme weather conditions such as droughts or floods can help mitigate the effects of global warming on agriculture and ensure food security.

62. How can reforestation help mitigate global warming?

(A) By increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

(B) By promoting industrial activities that contribute to emissions

(D) By reducing biodiversity in ecosystems

Explanation: Reforestation helps mitigate global warming by increasing the number of trees, which absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and store it, reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

63. What is the role of the ozone layer in relation to climate change?

(A) The ozone layer directly contributes to global warming

(B) The ozone layer blocks harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun

(D) The ozone layer absorbs carbon dioxide

(B) The ozone layer blocks harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun

Explanation: The ozone layer protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. While it is not directly responsible for climate change, its depletion, caused by substances like CFCs, can increase UV exposure, which poses health risks and affects ecosystems.

64. Which of the following is the biggest contributor to deforestation in tropical regions?

(A) Urbanization

(B) Agricultural expansion, especially for palm oil and soy production

(D) Protection of biodiversity

(B) Agricultural expansion, especially for palm oil and soy production

Explanation: Agricultural expansion, especially for crops like palm oil and soy, is the primary driver of deforestation in tropical regions, as large areas of forests are cleared for agriculture, impacting biodiversity and contributing to global warming.

65. What is the concept of "geoengineering" in the context of climate change?

(A) Efforts to reverse climate change by removing greenhouse gases or modifying the Earth's climate system

(B) Reducing global temperatures by decreasing solar radiation

(D) The implementation of new policies to address water scarcity

(A) Efforts to reverse climate change by removing greenhouse gases or modifying the Earth's climate system

Explanation: Geoengineering involves large-scale interventions aimed at reversing or mitigating the effects of climate change, such as carbon capture or solar radiation management techniques.

66. Which of the following is a key challenge in reducing global carbon emissions?

(A) Technological barriers to renewable energy adoption

(B) Limited public awareness of climate change

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Reducing global carbon emissions faces multiple challenges, including technological barriers to renewable energy, limited public awareness, and the lack of coordinated global climate policies that can drive large-scale change.

67. Which of the following is a characteristic of "carbon-neutral" activities?

(A) They increase carbon emissions

(B) They have a net zero impact on the carbon cycle by offsetting emissions

(D) They rely on fossil fuels for energy production

(B) They have a net zero impact on the carbon cycle by offsetting emissions

Explanation: Carbon-neutral activities involve balancing the amount of carbon dioxide emitted with an equivalent amount of carbon offset, such as through reforestation or renewable energy investments, resulting in no net increase in atmospheric CO2.

68. What is the term for the process of adapting to the effects of climate change, such as extreme weather events?

(A) Climate mitigation

(B) Climate adaptation

(D) Carbon offsetting

(B) Climate adaptation

Explanation: Climate adaptation refers to the adjustments made to systems and practices to minimize the negative impacts of climate change, such as building flood defenses or improving agricultural practices to withstand heatwaves and droughts.

69. Which of the following is a major challenge for low-lying island nations due to climate change?

(A) Increased biodiversity

(B) Rising sea levels threatening coastal habitats

(D) Stable ocean temperatures

(B) Rising sea levels threatening coastal habitats

Explanation: Rising sea levels due to global warming threaten the survival of low-lying island nations by flooding coastal areas, displacing populations, and damaging ecosystems.

70. What is one of the key strategies for reducing the impacts of global warming on human health?

(A) Reducing government regulation of pollutants

(B) Increasing industrial emissions

(D) Reducing the use of renewable energy

Explanation: One key strategy for reducing the impacts of global warming on human health is to increase resilience to heatwaves and promote cleaner air by reducing emissions from transportation and industrial sectors.

71. Which of the following is an example of "climate change adaptation"?

(A) Reducing carbon emissions through renewable energy

(B) Constructing sea walls to protect coastal cities from rising sea levels

(D) Planting trees to absorb carbon dioxide

(B) Constructing sea walls to protect coastal cities from rising sea levels

Explanation: Climate change adaptation involves making adjustments to social, economic, and environmental practices to minimize the impacts of climate change. Building sea walls is an example of adapting to rising sea levels due to global warming.

72. Which of the following is a significant source of nitrous oxide emissions?

(A) Livestock digestion

(B) Fertilizer use in agriculture

(D) Deforestation

(B) Fertilizer use in agriculture

Explanation: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas that is primarily released through the use of synthetic fertilizers in agriculture, as well as during the processing of agricultural waste.

73. What is one of the primary objectives of the "Kyoto Protocol"?

(A) To provide funding for renewable energy development

(B) To set binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in developed countries

(D) To create an international carbon tax

(B) To set binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in developed countries

Explanation: The Kyoto Protocol, signed in 1997, established legally binding targets for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as part of international efforts to mitigate climate change.

74. What is one of the main effects of climate change on biodiversity?

(A) Increased species migration to new areas

(B) Increased extinction rates due to habitat loss and changing environmental conditions

(D) Improved ecosystem resilience

(B) Increased extinction rates due to habitat loss and changing environmental conditions

Explanation: Climate change affects biodiversity by altering habitats, increasing the likelihood of species extinction due to changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and the availability of food and water resources.

75. Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop in the climate system?

(A) Ice-albedo effect, where melting ice decreases reflectivity and accelerates warming

(B) Increased plant growth in response to higher CO2 concentrations, which absorbs more CO2

(D) The melting of polar ice caps causing more heat to be absorbed by the ocean

(B) Increased plant growth in response to higher CO2 concentrations, which absorbs more CO2

Explanation: A negative feedback loop occurs when an initial change causes an effect that counteracts or reduces the original change. In this case, increased CO2 concentrations may enhance plant growth, which absorbs more CO2, potentially reducing the effect of global warming.

76. How do greenhouse gases contribute to the greenhouse effect?

(A) By absorbing solar radiation and increasing the Earth's temperature

(B) By reflecting sunlight back into space

(D) By filtering out harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun

(A) By absorbing solar radiation and increasing the Earth's temperature

Explanation: Greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere by absorbing and emitting infrared radiation, which contributes to the warming of the planet, a process known as the greenhouse effect.

77. What is the potential impact of climate change on human health?

(A) Improved air quality

(B) Increased spread of infectious diseases, heat-related illnesses, and extreme weather-related injuries

(D) Decreased occurrence of natural disasters

(B) Increased spread of infectious diseases, heat-related illnesses, and extreme weather-related injuries

Explanation: Climate change can exacerbate health problems by increasing the frequency of heatwaves, spreading diseases like malaria and dengue through changing ecosystems, and causing injuries from extreme weather events such as hurricanes and floods.

78. Which of the following is a method of carbon capture and storage (CCS)?

(A) Directly injecting CO2 into underground rock formations

(B) Increasing CO2 emissions from industrial processes

(D) Using CO2 as a raw material for manufacturing

(A) Directly injecting CO2 into underground rock formations

Explanation: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) involves capturing CO2 emissions from industrial processes and injecting them into deep underground rock formations to prevent them from entering the atmosphere and contributing to global warming.

79. Which of the following is a consequence of global warming on global agriculture?

(A) Decreased crop yields in some regions due to extreme heat and water shortages

(B) Increased crop yields worldwide

(D) Decreased need for irrigation

(A) Decreased crop yields in some regions due to extreme heat and water shortages

Explanation: Global warming increases the frequency of extreme weather events, such as droughts and heatwaves, which can reduce crop yields, particularly in regions already vulnerable to water shortages and high temperatures.

80. What is the role of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)?

(A) To manage global carbon emissions

(B) To negotiate global treaties and frameworks for climate change mitigation

(D) To regulate greenhouse gas emissions in individual countries

(B) To negotiate global treaties and frameworks for climate change mitigation

Explanation: The UNFCCC is an international treaty aimed at addressing climate change through negotiations, facilitating the creation of global frameworks such as the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming.

81. What is the impact of rising global temperatures on polar ice caps?

(A) They will increase in size

(B) They will remain stable

(D) They will turn into freshwater reserves

Explanation: Rising global temperatures cause the polar ice caps to melt, contributing to the rise in sea levels and threatening coastal areas and ecosystems.

82. Which of the following is a key factor contributing to the loss of biodiversity due to climate change?

(A) Increased tree planting efforts

(B) Habitat destruction and shifting environmental conditions

(D) The creation of protected natural reserves

(B) Habitat destruction and shifting environmental conditions

Explanation: Climate change alters environmental conditions such as temperature and precipitation, leading to habitat loss, which in turn threatens biodiversity by disrupting ecosystems and the species that rely on them.

83. What does the term "carbon neutral" mean?

(A) The process of emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

(B) The balance between the carbon dioxide emitted and the carbon dioxide absorbed

(D) The use of carbon dioxide as an energy source

(B) The balance between the carbon dioxide emitted and the carbon dioxide absorbed

Explanation: "Carbon neutral" refers to balancing the amount of carbon dioxide emitted with an equivalent amount absorbed or offset, typically through methods like reforestation or carbon capture.

84. Which of the following is the most widely accepted scientific evidence for global warming?

(A) Ocean temperature measurements showing long-term increases

(B) Increased ice sheet volume in the Arctic

(D) A decrease in atmospheric nitrogen levels

(A) Ocean temperature measurements showing long-term increases

Explanation: Long-term increases in ocean temperatures are one of the most significant pieces of evidence for global warming, as oceans absorb much of the heat trapped by greenhouse gases.

85. Which of the following strategies is essential for addressing the impacts of climate change on agriculture?

(A) Expanding urban areas into agricultural land

(B) Increasing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

(D) Reducing the use of renewable energy sources in farming

Explanation: Climate change impacts agriculture by increasing the frequency of extreme weather events such as droughts. Developing drought-resistant crops and improving irrigation practices can help mitigate these effects and ensure food security.

86. Which international agreement set legally binding targets for greenhouse gas emissions reduction in developed countries?

(A) The Paris Agreement

(B) The Kyoto Protocol

(D) The Rio Earth Summit

(B) The Kyoto Protocol

Explanation: The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, set legally binding targets for greenhouse gas emissions reduction in developed countries as part of the global effort to mitigate climate change.

87. How does global warming affect ocean currents?

(A) It makes them more stable and predictable

(B) It leads to the disruption of ocean currents, affecting climate patterns

(D) It reduces the salinity of the ocean, making currents stronger

(B) It leads to the disruption of ocean currents, affecting climate patterns

Explanation: Global warming disrupts ocean currents by altering temperature gradients in the oceans. This can have profound effects on climate patterns, particularly in regions that depend on currents for regulating temperature and weather.

88. Which of the following is one of the most effective ways to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide in the energy sector?

(A) Increasing the use of coal for electricity generation

(B) Shifting to renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and hydroelectric power

(D) Reducing the efficiency of energy production systems

(B) Shifting to renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and hydroelectric power

Explanation: Shifting to renewable energy sources is one of the most effective ways to reduce carbon emissions in the energy sector, as renewable energy generation does not release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.

89. What role do forests play in mitigating climate change?

(A) They release large amounts of carbon dioxide

(B) They act as carbon sinks by absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis

(D) They contribute to global warming by releasing methane

(B) They act as carbon sinks by absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis

Explanation: Forests act as carbon sinks by absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. This process helps mitigate climate change by reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

90. What is the concept of "climate justice" in the context of climate change action?

(A) Ensuring that rich countries are not required to reduce emissions

(B) Addressing the unequal impacts of climate change, especially on vulnerable and marginalized communities

(D) Allowing industrialized countries to pollute more as compensation for helping developing nations

(B) Addressing the unequal impacts of climate change, especially on vulnerable and marginalized communities

Explanation: Climate justice emphasizes the need to address the disproportionate impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities, particularly those in developing countries who contribute the least to greenhouse gas emissions but are most affected by its consequences.

91. Which of the following is a potential consequence of global warming on the water cycle?

(A) Increased frequency of droughts and changes in precipitation patterns

(B) More predictable rainfall in all regions

(D) Decreased evaporation rates

(A) Increased frequency of droughts and changes in precipitation patterns

Explanation: Global warming disrupts the water cycle, leading to more extreme weather events, including longer droughts and changes in rainfall patterns, affecting water availability across regions.

92. Which of the following sectors is responsible for the highest global greenhouse gas emissions?

(A) Agriculture

(B) Energy production

(D) Waste management

(B) Energy production

Explanation: The energy production sector, particularly the burning of fossil fuels for electricity and heat, is the largest source of global greenhouse gas emissions, contributing significantly to global warming.

93. What is the role of the Montreal Protocol in addressing climate change?

(A) It focuses on reducing carbon dioxide emissions

(B) It aims to phase out substances that deplete the ozone layer, which indirectly mitigates climate change

(D) It regulates global temperatures directly

(B) It aims to phase out substances that deplete the ozone layer, which indirectly mitigates climate change

Explanation: The Montreal Protocol, adopted in 1987, aims to phase out ozone-depleting substances like CFCs. By reducing these substances, the protocol also helps mitigate global warming, as some of these gases are potent greenhouse gases.

94. Which of the following countries is most vulnerable to the impacts of sea-level rise due to global warming?

(A) Canada

(B) Netherlands

(D) Switzerland

Explanation: Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to sea-level rise due to its low-lying geography, large population, and exposure to extreme weather events, making it one of the most at-risk countries from global warming impacts.

95. How can solar energy contribute to mitigating global warming?

(A) By reducing reliance on renewable energy sources

(B) By increasing carbon emissions

(D) By reducing the efficiency of existing power grids

Explanation: Solar energy provides a renewable, low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels. It generates electricity without emitting greenhouse gases, helping reduce global warming by decreasing carbon emissions.

96. Which of the following is a major risk associated with the melting of polar ice caps?

(A) Decreased ocean acidity

(B) Increased agricultural productivity

(D) Decreased global temperatures

Explanation: The melting of polar ice caps contributes to rising sea levels, which can inundate low-lying coastal areas, displace populations, and damage ecosystems such as mangroves and coral reefs.

97. How does deforestation contribute to global warming?

(A) By decreasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere

(B) By absorbing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

(D) By increasing the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere

Explanation: Deforestation releases the carbon stored in trees as carbon dioxide when trees are cut down or burned, contributing to global warming by increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

98. What role do ocean currents play in regulating Earth’s climate?

(A) They bring heat from the equator to the poles, helping to regulate global temperatures

(B) They prevent the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere

(D) They increase the acidity of the oceans

(A) They bring heat from the equator to the poles, helping to regulate global temperatures

Explanation: Ocean currents play a crucial role in regulating global climate by transporting heat from the equator towards the poles, helping to maintain more stable temperatures across the globe.

99. Which of the following is an example of a climate change adaptation strategy for agriculture?

(A) Increased use of fossil fuels in agricultural equipment

(B) Developing drought-resistant crop varieties

(D) Reducing irrigation in dry regions

(B) Developing drought-resistant crop varieties

Explanation: Developing drought-resistant crops helps farmers adapt to the increased frequency of droughts caused by climate change, ensuring food security and minimizing crop loss in dry regions.

100. What is one of the most important international agreements aimed at addressing climate change?

(A) The Geneva Convention

(B) The Paris Agreement

(D) The Kyoto Protocol

(B) The Paris Agreement

Explanation: The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, is one of the most important international agreements aimed at addressing climate change by limiting global temperature rise to well below 2°C, with efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.

Global Warming and Climate Change

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