STPGT-Sociology_Émile Durkheim: Division of Labour

Model MCQ's Émile Durkheim

Émile Durkheim: Division of Labour

1. Emile Durkheim’s "Division of Labour in Society" primarily studies:

(A) Economic productivity exclusively

(B) The social and moral consequences of the division of labour

(C) Biological evolution of labour

(D) Political structures only

(B) The social and moral consequences of the division of labour

Explanation: Durkheim examined how division of labour affects social solidarity and moral cohesion.

2. According to Durkheim, the division of labour:

(A) Exists only in modern industry

(B) Exists in some form in all societies, including primitive ones

(C) Is a negative aspect of society

(D) Has no impact on social cohesion

(B) Exists in some form in all societies, including primitive ones

Explanation: Even primitive societies exhibit some form of division of labour.

3. Durkheim distinguishes two types of social solidarity associated with different types of division of labour:

(A) Contractual and Civil

(B) Mechanical and Organic

(C) Political and Economic

(D) Artificial and Natural

(B) Mechanical and Organic

Explanation: Mechanical solidarity arises in simple societies with homogeneity, organic solidarity in complex societies with differentiated roles.

4. Mechanical solidarity is characterized by:

(A) High differentiation of roles

(B) Social cohesion based on similarity and shared values

(C) Loose social ties

(D) Individualism

(B) Social cohesion based on similarity and shared values

Explanation: Mechanical solidarity is common in simpler societies where shared beliefs unify.

5. Organic solidarity arises from:

(A) Shared beliefs only

(B) Differences and interdependence among specialized roles

(C) Complete social isolation

(D) Tribalism

(B) Differences and interdependence among specialized roles

Explanation: In complex societies, social cohesion arises from the interdependence of diverse specialized roles.

6. Durkheim argued that social integration in advanced societies depends on:

(A) Similarity of individuals

(B) The mutual dependence created by specialized division of labour

(C) Religious rituals only

(D) Political power

(B) The mutual dependence created by specialized division of labour

Explanation: Increased specialization creates social bonds by making individuals reliant on each other’s functions.

7. The division of labour increases:

(A) Social solidarity only in primitive societies

(B) Individual autonomy along with social cohesion in modern societies

(C) Social isolation

(D) Redundancy of roles

(B) Individual autonomy along with social cohesion in modern societies

Explanation: Despite differentiation, increased interdependence fosters both autonomy and cohesion.

8. Durkheim criticizes the utilitarians for:

(A) Ignoring the role of regulation and cohesion in social order

(B) Focusing too much on social solidarity

(C) Supporting mechanical solidarity

(D) Rejecting economic productivity

(A) Ignoring the role of regulation and cohesion in social order

Explanation: Durkheim argued that utilitarians overlook the moral and regulatory dimension of division of labour.

9. Durkheim’s concept of "anomie" in the context of division of labour refers to:

(A) Social harmony

(B) The breakdown of social norms leading to disorder

(C) The balance of social regulations

(D) Strong social bonds

(B) The breakdown of social norms leading to disorder

Explanation: Anomie results when division of labour leads to insufficient regulation and social instability.

10. Durkheim believed the division of labour could become pathological when:

(A) It is regulated effectively

(B) It causes social disintegration through forced or unequal roles

(C) It enhances solidarity

(D) It is minimal

(B) It causes social disintegration through forced or unequal roles

Explanation: Forced division of labour or social injustice can lead to social pathology.

11. Restitutive law is characteristic of which form of solidarity?

(A) Mechanical solidarity

(B) Organic solidarity

(C) Religious solidarity

(D) No solidarity

(B) Organic solidarity

Explanation: Restitutive law aims to restore relationships, typical of societies with organic solidarity.

12. Penal law is mainly associated with:

(A) Organic solidarity

(B) Mechanical solidarity

(C) Individualism

(D) Anomie

(B) Mechanical solidarity

Explanation: Penal law in Durkheim’s theory functions to enforce conformity in mechanically solid societies.

13. Durkheim sees modern social solidarity as:

(A) A replacement of mechanical solidarity by organic solidarity

(B) The continuation of mechanical solidarity

(C) Purely individualistic

(D) Absent in modern societies

(A) A replacement of mechanical solidarity by organic solidarity

Explanation: Modern societies depend on organic solidarity based on differentiation.

14. According to Durkheim, the division of labour produces:

(A) An automatic and spontaneous social cohesion

(B) Social chaos

(C) Complete disintegration

(D) Loss of individuality

(A) An automatic and spontaneous social cohesion

Explanation: Properly functioning division of labour creates social cohesion through interdependence.

15. Durkheim’s diagnosis of the forced division of labour includes:

(A) Equal opportunity for all

(B) Inequalities and social injustice from misallocating roles

(C) Complete freedom

(D) Random assignment of roles

(B) Inequalities and social injustice from misallocating roles

Explanation: Forced allocation of social roles leads to social tension and pathology.

16. What is a key difference between mechanical and organic solidarity?

(A) Mechanical solidarity is based on economic interdependence

(B) Organic solidarity emerges from role differentiation and mutual dependence

(C) Both are identical concepts

(D) Organic solidarity depends on religious uniformity

(B) Organic solidarity emerges from role differentiation and mutual dependence

Explanation: Organic solidarity arises from interdependent roles unlike mechanical solidarity’s uniformity.

17. Durkheim viewed the specialization of labour as:

(A) A source of alienation only

(B) A necessary condition for the growth of individuality and social solidarity

(C) Unrelated to social cohesion

(D) Purely economic

(B) A necessary condition for the growth of individuality and social solidarity

Explanation: Specialization both differentiates and unites individuals through mutual need.

18. Durkheim believed that the law reflects:

(A) Just economic interests

(B) The type and degree of social solidarity present

(C) Random social beliefs

(D) The whims of rulers

(B) The type and degree of social solidarity present

Explanation: Laws are expressions of the collective conscience shaped by solidarity type.

19. Anomie in the division of labour results from:

(A) An excess of uniformity

(B) Insufficient moral regulation accompanying increased specialization

(C) Perfect social integration

(D) Complete equality

(B) Insufficient moral regulation accompanying increased specialization

Explanation: When social regulation fails to keep pace with labour specialization, normlessness ensues.

20. Durkheim related social solidarity to:

(A) The size of a country

(B) The volume and density of social interactions and interdependence

(C) Biological factors

(D) Individual psychology alone

(B) The volume and density of social interactions and interdependence

Explanation: Social bonding depends on the complexity and density of social networks formed by division of labour.

21. What is the main function of the division of labour according to Durkheim?

(A) Increase individualism only

(B) Promote economic disparity

(C) Promote social solidarity and cohesion

(D) Reduce social interactions

(C) Promote social solidarity and cohesion

Explanation: Durkheim argued that division of labour creates social bonds by interdependence, thus fostering solidarity.

22. Mechanical solidarity is based on:

(A) Social differentiation and interdependence

(B) Homogeneity and similarity among group members

(C) Individualism and complex interactions

(D) Divergent interests

(B) Homogeneity and similarity among group members

Explanation: It is characterized by common beliefs, values, and strong collective conscience.

23. Organic solidarity arises in societies where:

(A) People share the same roles and beliefs

(B) There is specialization and interdependence among diverse roles

(C) Social bonds are weak

(D) Collective conscience is dominant

(B) There is specialization and interdependence among diverse roles

Explanation: Organic solidarity comes from functional differentiation and economic interdependence.

24. According to Durkheim, the “collective conscience” in mechanical solidarity is:

(A) Weak and fragmented

(B) Strong and binding, producing conformity

(C) Irrelevant to social order

(D) Individualistic

(B) Strong and binding, producing conformity

Explanation: In mechanical solidarity, shared norms and beliefs strongly bind society.

25. What role does social regulation play in the division of labour?

(A) Prevents social disorder by coordinating interdependent functions

(B) Irrelevant to social cohesion

(C) Discourages occupational specialization

(D) Increases social conflict

(A) Prevents social disorder by coordinating interdependent functions

Explanation: Proper regulation ensures cooperation among differentiated roles and maintains solidarity.

26. In the transition from mechanical to organic solidarity, social bonds become:

(A) Weaker and less important

(B) Based on differences and mutual dependence

(C) Uniform and based on similarity

(D) Absent

(B) Based on differences and mutual dependence

Explanation: Social cohesion shifts from similarity to reliance on complementary differences.

27. According to Durkheim, anomie is a result of:

(A) Excessive social integration

(B) Lack of social regulation during rapid social change

(C) Strong collective conscience

(D) Complete social order

(B) Lack of social regulation during rapid social change

Explanation: Anomie occurs when society fails to regulate desires and expectations properly.

28. Restitutive law is common in societies characterized by:

(A) Mechanical solidarity

(B) Organic solidarity

(C) No solidarity

(D) Complete disorder

(B) Organic solidarity

Explanation: It focuses on restoring social equilibrium in societies dependent on interdependence.

29. Durkheim described penal law as typical of:

(A) Organic solidarity societies

(B) Mechanical solidarity societies

(C) Egalitarian systems

(D) Modern capitalism

(B) Mechanical solidarity societies

Explanation: Penal law punishes violations and maintains conformity in mechanically solid societies.

30. Which of the following is a pathological form of division of labour?

(A) Normal cooperation

(B) Forced division of labour

(C) Organic solidarity

(D) Social integration

(B) Forced division of labour

Explanation: Forced division involves unequal and oppressive roles disrupting social cohesion.

31. Durkheim argued that division of labour increases happiness by:

(A) Limiting individual freedom

(B) Fostering cooperation and interdependence among individuals

(C) Eliminating social diversity

(D) Reducing specialization

(B) Fostering cooperation and interdependence among individuals

Explanation: Cooperation based on specialization benefits social and individual well-being.

32. The “moral density” concept refers to:

(A) High population density alone

(B) The density and intensity of social interactions in society

(C) Biological factors

(D) Economic inequality

(B) The density and intensity of social interactions in society

Explanation: Moral density measures the volume and closeness of social ties affecting division of labour.

33. According to Durkheim, individualism in modern society is:

(A) Incompatible with social order

(B) Supported by social and moral regulation that maintains solidarity

(C) The main cause of social decay

(D) Absence of social bonds

(B) Supported by social and moral regulation that maintains solidarity

Explanation: Modern societies allow individual autonomy balanced by regulatory solidarity.

34. Durkheim’s critique of laissez-faire economic thought focused on:

(A) Excess state intervention

(B) The myth of free markets existing without social regulation

(C) The importance of individual choice

(D) Rejection of economic markets

(B) The myth of free markets existing without social regulation

Explanation: He emphasized that markets depend on moral and legal frameworks.

35. Durkheim’s "forced division of labour" refers to:

(A) Natural assignment of roles

(B) Inequality and social injustices imposed by society and custom

(C) Fair labour practices

(D) Voluntary specialization

(B) Inequality and social injustices imposed by society and custom

Explanation: Social systems imposing roles incompatible with meritocracy risk social conflict.

36. Durkheim believed that social bonds in advanced societies:

(A) Are based on purely economic exchange

(B) Are complex and derive from mutual dependency

(C) Are simple and uniform

(D) Are irrelevant

(B) Are complex and derive from mutual dependency

Explanation: Social cohesion rests on interdependent and differentiated social roles.

37. The division of labour as a social fact:

(A) Is the product of individual choice alone

(B) Is an external social force shaping society at large

(C) Occurs exclusively in industrial societies

(D) Is solely an economic concern

(B) Is an external social force shaping society at large

Explanation: It is a collective phenomenon shaping social integration and cohesion.

38. How does Durkheim’s division of labour differ from that of Adam Smith?

(A) Durkheim focuses on social solidarity, Smith on productivity

(B) Smith emphasized solidarity, Durkheim ignored it

(C) They both reject social consequences

(D) Both equate labour division with alienation only

(A) Durkheim focuses on social solidarity, Smith on productivity

Explanation: Durkheim’s work uniquely linked division of labour to social and moral integration.

39. Durkheim argued that social isolation would result from:

(A) Balanced division of labour

(B) Forced division of labour and absence of regulation

(C) Mechanical solidarity

(D) Strong collective conscience

(B) Forced division of labour and absence of regulation

Explanation: Misallocated roles and lack of moral regulation undermine social cohesion.

40. The main challenge Durkheim addresses regarding division of labour is:

(A) Economic efficiency only

(B) How individuality can coexist with social cohesion in complex societies

(C) How to eliminate labour specialization

(D) How to abolish social norms

(B) How individuality can coexist with social cohesion in complex societies

Explanation: He focused on balancing personal autonomy with social solidarity in modern societies.

41. What is the key difference Durkheim identifies between mechanical and organic solidarity?

(A) Mechanical solidarity depends on differences; organic solidarity depends on similarities.

(B) Mechanical solidarity depends on similarities; organic solidarity depends on differences and interdependence.

(C) There is no difference.

(D) Both only exist in ancient societies.

(B) Mechanical solidarity depends on similarities; organic solidarity depends on differences and interdependence.

Explanation: Mechanical solidarity arises from shared likeness and beliefs; organic solidarity arises from the interdependence of diverse roles in complex societies.

42. According to Durkheim, what is the effect of increasing moral density on division of labour?

(A) It decreases specialization.

(B) It increases the volume and complexity of social interactions, promoting division of labour.

(C) It leads to the decline of specialization.

(D) It has no effect.

(B) It increases the volume and complexity of social interactions, promoting division of labour.

Explanation: Increased population size and intensity of social contacts (moral density) promotes the growth of division of labour.

43. Which form of law is characteristic of societies with mechanical solidarity?

(A) Restitutive law

(B) Penal law

(C) Contract law

(D) Constitutional law

(B) Penal law

Explanation: Penal law, which punishes offenders harshly, is typical in societies based on mechanical solidarity to maintain conformity.

44. In organic solidarity, social cohesion is primarily maintained through:

(A) Similar beliefs and customs

(B) Economic and functional interdependence

(C) Religious belief

(D) Uniformity of thought

(B) Economic and functional interdependence

Explanation: Cohesion is maintained by mutual dependence among individuals specialized in distinct roles.

45. Durkheim argues that the division of labour:

(A) Only serves economic production

(B) Contributes to social solidarity by creating interdependence

(C) Is harmful to social cohesion

(D) Only occurred in modern capitalist societies.

(B) Contributes to social solidarity by creating interdependence

Explanation: The division of labour creates solidarity by making individuals rely on others through specialization.

46. What is ‘anomie’ according to Durkheim?

(A) Normlessness caused by lack of regulation

(B) Complete social control

(C) Social harmony

(D) Equal distribution of labour

(A) Normlessness caused by lack of regulation

Explanation: Anomie is a social condition where norms break down and fail to regulate desires or expectations.

47. What does Durkheim mean by ‘forced division of labour’?

(A) Voluntary cooperation

(B) Allocation of roles based on social coercion and inequality

(C) Natural specialization

(D) Equal opportunity

(B) Allocation of roles based on social coercion and inequality

Explanation: Forced division of labour is characterized by unequal, imposed roles leading to social dissatisfaction.

48. Restitutive law, common in societies with organic solidarity, seeks to:

(A) Punish offenders harshly

(B) Restore relationships and social equilibrium

(C) Ignore social conflicts

(D) Enforce strict homogeneity

(B) Restore relationships and social equilibrium

Explanation: It focuses on repairing damage and restoring social functionality.

49. Which of the following statements reflects Durkheim’s stance on the effects of industrialization on social solidarity?

(A) Industrialization destroys social solidarity.

(B) Industrialization replaces mechanical solidarity with organic solidarity, increasing interdependence.

(C) Industrialization promotes homogeneity.

(D) Industrialization reduces the division of labour.

(B) Industrialization replaces mechanical solidarity with organic solidarity, increasing interdependence.

Explanation: Industrialization leads to greater specialization and an organic form of solidarity.

50. According to Durkheim, what binds individuals in societies characterized by mechanical solidarity?

(A) Interdependence and contract

(B) Similarities in beliefs and activities

(C) Economic necessity

(D) Legal equality

(B) Similarities in beliefs and activities

Explanation: Mechanical solidarity relies on shared norms and collective conscience.

51. How did Durkheim view the role of law in societies with organic solidarity?

(A) As repressive and punitive

(B) As restitutive and regulatory

(C) As irrelevant

(D) As authoritarian

(B) As restitutive and regulatory

Explanation: Law in such societies tends to focus on restoring social order and regulating interactions.

52. Durkheim believed that the causes of the division of labour include:

(A) Individual preferences and choices

(B) Volume and density of population leading to increased social interaction

(C) Purely economic needs

(D) Random historical chance

(B) Volume and density of population leading to increased social interaction

Explanation: Population density and social interaction intensity drive the development of division of labour.

53. Which of the following did Durkheim NOT align with mechanical solidarity?

(A) Strong repressive laws

(B) High similarity among individuals

(C) Extensive role specialization

(D) Collective conscience dominance

(C) Extensive role specialization

Explanation: Extensive role specialization typifies organic solidarity, not mechanical.

54. According to Durkheim, how does the division of labour impact individual autonomy?

(A) It eliminates it.

(B) It fosters greater individuality in advanced societies.

(C) It has no impact.

(D) It reduces it in simple societies.

(B) It fosters greater individuality in advanced societies.

Explanation: In societies with organic solidarity, individuals enjoy more personal independence.

55. What concept did Durkheim introduce to describe the complexity of social interactions increasing with population density?

(A) Social capital

(B) Moral density

(C) Social mobility

(D) Cultural lag

(B) Moral density

Explanation: Moral density refers to the intensity and volume of social interactions prompting division of labour.

56. Which is a possible negative outcome of the division of labour according to Durkheim?

(A) Increased happiness for all

(B) Social conflict from forced or unjust allocation of roles

(C) Immediate social harmony

(D) Universal equality

(B) Social conflict from forced or unjust allocation of roles

Explanation: Forced division of labour can produce social inequality and tension.

57. Durkheim considered occupational groups as:

(A) Sources of social conflict

(B) Means to restore moral regulation in society

(C) Irrelevant to social cohesion

(D) Causes of anomie exclusively

(B) Means to restore moral regulation in society

Explanation: Occupational groups can regulate behaviour and build social solidarity.

58. According to Durkheim, what is necessary for the positive functioning of the division of labour?

(A) Free market alone

(B) Moral regulation and social norms

(C) Total individual freedom

(D) Elimination of laws

(B) Moral regulation and social norms

Explanation: Norms and moral regulation prevent social breakdown amid specialization.

59. What role does ‘moral density’ play in Durkheim’s view of society?

(A) It leads to social anomie

(B) It enhances interactions facilitating division of labour

(C) It diminishes social complexity

(D) It is unrelated to social structure

(B) It enhances interactions facilitating division of labour

Explanation: Increased moral density means enriched social interactions crucial for division of labour.

60. Durkheim’s concept of ‘contractual solidarity’ is related to:

(A) Early tribal societies

(B) Modern societies with organic solidarity

(C) Absence of law

(D) Complete social isolation

(B) Modern societies with organic solidarity

Explanation: Contractual solidarity arises in complex societies where social bonds are formalized through contracts.

61. According to Durkheim, what primarily distinguishes mechanical solidarity from organic solidarity?

(A) The presence of formal laws

(B) The similarity of individuals versus their specialization and dependence

(C) The size of the population

(D) The level of economic development

(B) The similarity of individuals versus their specialization and dependence

Explanation: Mechanical solidarity is based on similarities among individuals, whereas organic solidarity arises from the specialization and interdependence of diverse roles.

62. In societies characterized by mechanical solidarity, social cohesion is maintained by:

(A) Complex interdependence among specialized roles

(B) Common beliefs, rituals, and collective conscience

(C) Market exchanges

(D) Legal contracts between individuals

(B) Common beliefs, rituals, and collective conscience

Explanation: Mechanical solidarity arises from shared traditions and beliefs typical of traditional societies.

63. Durkheim compares organic solidarity to:

(A) A machine

(B) An animal with distinct organs functioning interdependently

(C) A battlefield

(D) A uniform army

(B) An animal with distinct organs functioning interdependently

Explanation: Organic solidarity likens society to a living organism where different parts perform specialized functions.

64. According to Durkheim, what is the role of law in societies with mechanical solidarity?

(A) Repressive law that punishes violations severely

(B) Restitutive law resolving conflicts through compensation

(C) Contract law governing economic exchanges

(D) No law exists in such societies

(A) Repressive law that punishes violations severely

Explanation: Mechanical societies rely on repressive law to maintain conformity and solidarity through punishment.

65. What type of law dominates societies with organic solidarity?

(A) Repressive law

(B) Restitutive law focusing on restoring social relations

(C) No laws

(D) Arbitrary edicts

(B) Restitutive law focusing on restoring social relations

Explanation: Organic solidarity is accompanied by restitutive law that facilitates cooperation and conflict resolution.

66. Durkheim argues that the division of labour:

(A) Leads to social fragmentation

(B) Creates social cohesion through interdependence

(C) Is irrelevant for social solidarity

(D) Only occurs in capitalist societies

(B) Creates social cohesion through interdependence

Explanation: The division of labour ties individuals together via mutual dependence.

67. What is ‘anomie’ in the context of the division of labour?

(A) The state of normlessness where regulation fails

(B) A state of social harmony

(C) A form of mechanical solidarity

(D) A type of occupational role

(A) The state of normlessness where regulation fails

Explanation: Anomie describes the breakdown of social norms accompanying rapid social change.

68. What is ‘moral density’ according to Durkheim?

(A) The number and intensity of social interactions within a society

(B) The concentration of religious beliefs

(C) Population density only

(D) The weight of legal sanctions

(A) The number and intensity of social interactions within a society

Explanation: Moral density refers to the frequency and intensity of social contacts that influence social cohesion.

69. How did Durkheim suggest social order is maintained in societies with organic solidarity?

(A) Through shared religion and customs

(B) Through interdependence and regulatory norms

(C) Through strict legal codes only

(D) Through enforced uniformity

(B) Through interdependence and regulatory norms

Explanation: In complex societies, social order stems from functional interdependence and moral regulation.

70. What is a key factor leading to the development of the division of labour according to Durkheim?

(A) Individual genius

(B) Volume and density of the population

(C) Technological advances alone

(D) Random chance

(B) Volume and density of the population

Explanation: Durkheim argued that as population volume and density increase, social interactions multiply and necessitate a more complex division of labour.

71. Which type of social solidarity is based on similarities and shared beliefs?

(A) Organic solidarity

(B) Mechanical solidarity

(C) Contractual solidarity

(D) Confessional solidarity

(B) Mechanical solidarity

Explanation: Mechanical solidarity predominates in traditional societies where individuals share common values and lifestyles.

72. In what way does Durkheim see organic solidarity as different from mechanical solidarity?

(A) It is based on uniformity of beliefs

(B) It relies on the interdependence of specialized roles

(C) It promotes social isolation

(D) It diminishes individualism

(B) It relies on the interdependence of specialized roles

Explanation: Organic solidarity arises in complex societies where diverse individuals depend on each other's specialized functions.

73. According to Durkheim, which form of law is characteristic of societies with mechanical solidarity?

(A) Restitutive law

(B) Penal law

(C) Contract law

(D) Constitutional law

(B) Penal law

Explanation: Penal law reflects the collective consciousness of societies united by similarity and enforces conformity through punishment.

74. How does restitutive law function in societies with organic solidarity?

(A) Punish offenders harshly

(B) Restore social relationships and cooperation

(C) Eliminate conflict

(D) Prevent social interactions

(B) Restore social relationships and cooperation

Explanation: Restitutive law aims to repair social relationships and maintain order in societies where individuals perform specialized roles.

75. Durkheim believes the division of labour contributes to social cohesion primarily by:

(A) Reducing population density

(B) Increasing competition

(C) Creating interdependence among individuals

(D) Creating identical roles for everyone

(C) Creating interdependence among individuals

Explanation: Specialized roles make individuals mutually dependent, strengthening social bonds.

76. What causes "anomie" in the context of division of labour?

(A) Excessive social regulation

(B) Lack of social regulation during rapid social change

(C) Stable social norms

(D) Uniformity of social roles

(B) Lack of social regulation during rapid social change

Explanation: Anomie is a state of normlessness that arises when social regulation cannot keep pace with changes.

77. According to Durkheim, “moral density” refers to:

(A) Population size only

(B) Number and intensity of social interactions in society

(C) Amount of laws in a society

(D) Prevalence of religious customs

(B) Number and intensity of social interactions in society

Explanation: Moral density refers to the frequency and intensity of social contacts that influence social cohesion.

78. Which of these is an example of an abnormal form of division of labour according to Durkheim?

(A) Voluntary specialization

(B) Forced labour divisions causing inequity

(C) Equitable role allocation

(D) Functional interdependence

(B) Forced labour divisions causing inequity

Explanation: Forced division of labour leads to social dysfunction and conflict when roles are unjustly distributed.

79. In Durkheim’s theory, how does occupational specialization affect individuals?

(A) Suppresses autonomy

(B) Provides avenues for personal development

(C) Eliminates social bonds

(D) Creates isolation

(B) Provides avenues for personal development

Explanation: Specialization allows individuals to develop expertise and express individuality.

80. According to Durkheim, what is the 'moral density' and how does it relate to the division of labour?

(A) It is the physical proximity of people and explains the division of labour.

(B) It denotes the density and frequency of social interactions which fosters specialized roles.

(C) It refers to the rich cultural traditions of a society.

(D) It is unrelated to the division of labour.

(B) It denotes the density and frequency of social interactions which fosters specialized roles.

Explanation: Moral density refers to the frequency and intensity of social interactions, driving the need for specialized roles and complex division of labour.

81. How does Durkheim’s concept of 'forced division of labour' differ from the normal division?

(A) Forced division is a natural and beneficial process.

(B) Forced division results in social conflict due to unequal allocation of roles.

(C) Forced division increases productivity significantly.

(D) Both concepts are the same.

(B) Forced division results in social conflict due to unequal allocation of roles.

Explanation: Forced division of labour imposes occupations unfairly, resulting in social tensions and imbalance.

82. In Durkheim’s theory, how do laws evolve with the type of social solidarity?

(A) From restitutive law in traditional societies to repressive law in modern societies.

(B) From repressive law in traditional societies to restitutive law in modern societies.

(C) Laws do not change with social solidarity.

(D) Laws become more arbitrary over time.

(B) From repressive law in traditional societies to restitutive law in modern societies.

Explanation: Traditional societies with mechanical solidarity are governed by repressive law, while complex societies with organic solidarity use restitutive law to restore order.

83. What risk does Durkheim associate with rapid social change in division of labour?

(A) Social stability and harmony.

(B) Anomie leading to normlessness and social disruption.

(C) Increased egalitarianism.

(D) Complete social integration.

(B) Anomie leading to normlessness and social disruption.

Explanation: Rapid social change can disrupt regulatory norms causing anomie, a state of normlessness.

84. Which of the following best characterizes mechanical solidarity?

(A) Based on interdependence of diverse roles.

(B) Based on likeness and similarity among group members.

(C) Present only in advanced industrial societies.

(D) Produces weak social cohesion.

(B) Based on likeness and similarity among group members.

Explanation: Mechanical solidarity is typical of traditional societies with strong shared norms.

85. According to Durkheim, how does the division of labour contribute to individual morality?

(A) By forcing uniform behaviour.

(B) By establishing professional norms within specialized roles.

(C) It does not contribute.

(D) By suppressing individual autonomy.

(B) By establishing professional norms within specialized roles.

Explanation: The division of labour leads to the creation of professional ethics and role-specific moral codes.

86. Durkheim believes the division of labour contributes to social cohesion primarily by:

(A) Reducing population density

(B) Increasing competition

(C) Creating interdependence among individuals

(D) Creating identical roles for everyone

(C) Creating interdependence among individuals

Explanation: Specialized roles make individuals mutually dependent, strengthening social bonds.

87. What causes "anomie" in the context of division of labour?

(A) Excessive social regulation

(B) Lack of social regulation during rapid social change

(C) Stable social norms

(D) Uniformity of social roles

(B) Lack of social regulation during rapid social change

Explanation: Anomie is a state of normlessness that arises when social regulation cannot keep pace with changes.

88. According to Durkheim, “moral density” refers to:

(A) Population size only

(B) Number and intensity of social interactions in society

(C) Amount of laws in a society

(D) Prevalence of religious customs

(B) Number and intensity of social interactions in society

Explanation: Moral density refers to the frequency and intensity of social contacts that influence social cohesion.

89. Which of these is an example of an abnormal form of division of labour according to Durkheim?

(A) Voluntary specialization

(B) Forced labour divisions causing inequity

(C) Equitable role allocation

(D) Functional interdependence

(B) Forced labour divisions causing inequity

Explanation: Forced division of labour leads to social dysfunction and conflict when roles are unjustly distributed.

90. In Durkheim’s theory, how does occupational specialization affect individuals?

(A) Suppresses autonomy

(B) Provides avenues for personal development

(C) Eliminates social bonds

(D) Creates isolation

(B) Provides avenues for personal development

Explanation: Specialization allows individuals to develop expertise and express individuality.

91. According to Durkheim, what is the 'moral density' and how does it relate to the division of labour?

(A) It is the physical proximity of people and explains the division of labour.

(B) It denotes the density and frequency of social interactions which fosters specialized roles.

(C) It refers to the rich cultural traditions of a society.

(D) It is unrelated to the division of labour.

(B) It denotes the density and frequency of social interactions which fosters specialized roles.

Explanation: Moral density refers to the frequency and intensity of social interactions, driving the need for specialized roles and complex division of labour.

92. How does Durkheim’s concept of 'forced division of labour' differ from the normal division?

(A) Forced division is a natural and beneficial process.

(B) Forced division results in social conflict due to unequal allocation of roles.

(C) Forced division increases productivity significantly.

(D) Both concepts are the same.

(B) Forced division results in social conflict due to unequal allocation of roles.

Explanation: Forced division of labour imposes occupations unfairly, resulting in social tensions and imbalance.

93. In Durkheim’s theory, how do laws evolve with the type of social solidarity?

(A) From restitutive law in traditional societies to repressive law in modern societies.

(B) From repressive law in traditional societies to restitutive law in modern societies.

(C) Laws do not change with social solidarity.

(D) Laws become more arbitrary over time.

(B) From repressive law in traditional societies to restitutive law in modern societies.

Explanation: Traditional societies with mechanical solidarity are governed by repressive law, while complex societies with organic solidarity use restitutive law to restore order.

94. What risk does Durkheim associate with rapid social change in division of labour?

(A) Social stability and harmony.

(B) Anomie leading to normlessness and social disruption.

(C) Increased egalitarianism.

(D) Complete social integration.

(B) Anomie leading to normlessness and social disruption.

Explanation: Rapid social change can disrupt regulatory norms causing anomie, a state of normlessness.

95. Which of the following best characterizes mechanical solidarity?

(A) Based on interdependence of diverse roles.

(B) Based on likeness and similarity among group members.

(C) Present only in advanced industrial societies.

(D) Produces weak social cohesion.

(B) Based on likeness and similarity among group members.

Explanation: Mechanical solidarity is typical of traditional societies with strong shared norms.

96. According to Durkheim, how does the division of labour contribute to individual morality?

(A) By forcing uniform behaviour.

(B) By establishing professional norms within specialized roles.

(C) It does not contribute.

(D) By suppressing individual autonomy.

(B) By establishing professional norms within specialized roles.

Explanation: The division of labour leads to the creation of professional ethics and role-specific moral codes.

97. Durkheim believes the division of labour contributes to social cohesion primarily by:

(A) Reducing population density

(B) Increasing competition

(C) Creating interdependence among individuals

(D) Creating identical roles for everyone

(C) Creating interdependence among individuals

Explanation: Specialized roles make individuals mutually dependent, strengthening social bonds.

98. What causes "anomie" in the context of division of labour?

(A) Excessive social regulation

(B) Lack of social regulation during rapid social change

(C) Stable social norms

(D) Uniformity of social roles

(B) Lack of social regulation during rapid social change

Explanation: Anomie is a state of normlessness that arises when social regulation cannot keep pace with changes.

99. According to Durkheim, “moral density” refers to:

(A) Population size only

(B) Number and intensity of social interactions in society

(C) Amount of laws in a society

(D) Prevalence of religious customs

(B) Number and intensity of social interactions in society

Explanation: Moral density refers to the frequency and intensity of social contacts that influence social cohesion.

100. Which of these is an example of an abnormal form of division of labour according to Durkheim?

(A) Voluntary specialization

(B) Forced labour divisions causing inequity

(C) Equitable role allocation

(D) Functional interdependence

(B) Forced labour divisions causing inequity

Explanation: Forced division of labour leads to social dysfunction and conflict when roles are unjustly distributed.