‘Triangulation’ is a process of verification that increases validity by incorporating several viewpoints and methods. Originating from Greek mathematics, the concept of triangulation is applied first in navigation and military strategy to locate an object’s exact position (Smith 1975, Adami and Kiger 2005). In the social sciences, it refers to the combination of two or more theories, data sources, methods or investigators in one study of a single phenomenon to converge on a single construct and can be employed in both quantitative (validation) and qualitative (inquiry) studies.
It has become an accepted practice to use some form of ‘triangulation’ or combining different methods in studying the same phenomenon in social research. ‘Triangulation’ can also be achieved by using different research techniques. Triangulated techniques are helpful for cross-checking and provide confirmation and completeness, which brings ‘balance’ between two or more types of research. The purpose is to increase the credibility and validity of the results. Often, this purpose in specific contexts is to obtain confirmation of findings through the convergence of different perspectives.
Importance of Triangulation
Triangulation in social research refers to the use of multiple observers, theories, methods, and empirical materials, researchers can hope to overcome the weakness or intrinsic biases and the problems that come from single method, single-observer, single-theory studies. This approach enhances the reliability, validity, and comprehensiveness of research findings. Here are some key reasons why triangulation is important in social research:
1. Researchers use ‘triangulation’ to validate quantitative research instruments when the research phenomenon under investigation has few theoretical underpinnings.
2. In the quantitative approach, ‘triangulation’ is normally applied to confirm whether instruments are appropriate for measuring a concept. These methods can overcome challenges related to single-method, single-observer and single-theory biases and thus can be applied to confirm the research results and conclusions.
3. Researchers use ‘triangulation’ to increase their in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under investigation by combining multiple methods and theories.
4. ‘Triangulation’ can only be done when data are available, whether they are data from different sources, different investigators, different theories or different methods.
5. By using different methods or perspectives, researchers can minimize the impact of individual bias or subjectivity. Triangulation allows for a more comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon, reducing the risk of skewed results.
6. Using triangulation, researchers can identify divergent or conflicting perspectives on a topic. This adds depth to the analysis and allows for a nuanced interpretation of findings.
7. Different methods may have unique strengths and weaknesses. Triangulation allows researchers to confirm findings through multiple methods, compensating for any limitations associated with a particular approach.
8. Triangulation involves cross-validating results obtained through different means. If findings align across diverse methods or sources, it strengthens the confidence in the accuracy and reliability of the results.
9. Researchers can have greater confidence in their conclusions when evidence from various angles supports them. Triangulation helps in building a more robust and defensible argument.
10. Inconsistencies or anomalies in data can be better identified through triangulation. Researchers can explore why discrepancies exist and gain deeper insights into the complexities of the studied phenomenon.
11. Triangulation is considered a methodological strategy that enhances the rigour of social research. It demonstrates a commitment to thorough investigation and recognising the multifaceted nature of social phenomena.
Triangulation is a valuable approach in social research, offering a methodologically rigorous means to enhance the reliability, validity, and depth of research findings by integrating diverse methods, sources, or perspectives.
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