Migration
Migration is, first and foremost, a normal human activity. Human beings have always moved from ‘one country, locality, [and] place of residence to settle in another’. We tend to migrate from the homes of our families or guardians into our own homes. We migrate between regions, cities and towns. And we also migrate between countries.
Definition
1. According to Lee, ‘migration is permanent or semi-permanent change of residence’.
2. According to Caplow, “Migration is considered as a change of residence and should not necessarily involve any change in occupation.”
3. According to Weinberg, “Human migration as change of place permanently or temporarily for an appreciable duration as in case of seasonal worker.
4. According to Safa, “Migration is normally viewed as an economic phenomenon through non-economic factors obviously has some bearing.”
1. Internal Migration: Moving to a new home within a state, country, or continent.
2. External Migration: Moving to a new home in a different state, country, or continent.
3. Emigration: Leaving one country to move to another (e.g., the Pilgrims emigrated from England).
4. Immigration: Moving into a new country (e.g., the Pilgrims immigrated to America).
5. Return Migration: When groups of people move back to where they came from.
6. Seasonal Migration: When people move with each season (e.g., farm workers following crop harvests or working in cities off-season).
Causes of rural-to-rural migration
Rural-to-rural migration refers to the movement of people from one rural area to another within the same country. A variety of push influences this type of migration and pull factors that drive individuals and families to leave their current rural location and settle in a different rural area. Here are some common causes of rural-to-rural migration:
1. Economic Factors:
a. Low Agricultural Income: When rural individuals or families experience limited earnings from farming due to factors like small land holdings, poor crop yields, or unstable market prices, they may feel compelled to seek better income prospects in other rural areas.
b. Agricultural Unemployment: In regions where the local agricultural sector is unable to seasonal employment that provide sufficient jobs for the rural population, individuals may be driven to migrate in search of alternative employment opportunities.
2. Demographic Factors:
a. Pressure of Population: High population density in the origin area can lead to resource scarcity and limited opportunities, motivating some individuals to migrate in hopes of finding better conditions elsewhere. In regions with a high birth rate, population growth can outpace local resources, contributing to the decision to migrate for better living conditions. This rural-to-rural migration is driven by the pursuit of improved economic prospects, access to basic amenities, and the aspiration for a higher quality of life in areas with more favorable circumstances.
b. Marriage: Marriage and family formation can prompt migration as individuals relocate to join their spouses or establish new households in a different rural area.
3. Social Factors:
a. Family Size: Larger families may need more resources to meet their needs in the origin area due to limited resources, incentivising migration to areas with better prospects for sustaining a family.
b. Family Conflicts: Internal conflicts within families can prompt individuals to seek a fresh start and improved relationships by moving to a different rural location.
c. Education: Access to quality education in the destination area can attract families seeking enhanced educational opportunities for their children, motivating them to migrate.
d. Contact and Distance: Positive interactions and connections with people from the destination area can serve as a pull factor, enticing individuals to relocate for better social and personal prospects.
4. Environmental Factors:
a. Environmental Degradation: Deterioration of natural resources, such as soil erosion or water scarcity, in the origin area can create unfavourable living conditions and motivate migration to areas with more sustainable environmental prospects.
b. Environmental Opportunities: Favourable environmental conditions, like fertile land and abundant water sources, can attract individuals seeking improved agricultural and living conditions in the destination area.
5. Political Factors:
a. Conflict and Instability: Political conflicts, civil unrest, or instability in the origin area can drive individuals to migrate to areas with greater safety, security, and stability.
Each of these factors interacts uniquely and can influence the decision of individuals and families to move from one rural area to another. Migration is often a complex process influenced by a combination of these factors, and the importance of each factor may vary depending on the specific circumstances of the migrants and the regions involved.
Impact of Migration
The effect of migration can be conveniently divided into the following categories –
1. Effect of population: Out migration from rural areas reduced its population and may be effective in voting over crowd the other significant consequences due to migration are as follows –
a. Migration through contacts with the modernize sector may influence the system of the rural communities; rural inhabitant may internalize lower feature norms.
b. Returning migrant may also spread new value and information about family planning and may introduce new family size concept.
c. Migration of un-marriage male, young, working age migrant result in several imbalances in sex ratio in rural area.
d. When young working person leave an area the ratio of dependent workers rises, particularly if there is no companying drop in birth rate.
e. Migration affects the level and distribution of income in rural areas.
f. Out migration from an area create scarcity workers i.e., female, juvenile aged, senile, dependent tend to join the rank of workers.
2. Economic affect: On the rural area can be studied from following –
a. Affect on rural employment if the migrant is unemployed prior to living village unemployed rate may fall. Rural out migration lead to agriculture migration due to two result –
The reduce supply of result and stimulate the adoption of labour saving technology. Remedial from urban area are also likely increase level of consumption and also encourage.
Rural urban migration may lead to lowering of rural income. This is largely because better educated and ambitious young population motivated to live in rural areas. This transfer of human capital might adversely affect agricultural productivity and incomes. Out migration results in shortage of labour at times of pick-labour demand is likely to reduce total agricultural output.
b. Affect on rural capital formation and technological change – remittance can constitute a fairly large share of income of the family in the migrant place of origin. This remittent may add to productive investment for agricultural development or non-agricultural activist, or it may be spend o housing and education or can be used to relief the poverty of those who remain behind. Long term remnants may strengthen the position of rich farmer.
3. Social and cultural affect: The social impact of migration can be seen in terms of the breakdown of formal relationship. Also, the traditional economic and social ties between the castes involved in Jajmani relationship are breaking down.
Out migration tents to results in a greater integration of the village with the outside communities which may result into adaptation of selected urban behavior. Migration may also increase socio-economic. Other social impact of migration could be in embarking changes in the role of children and woman. In many countries wage-earning responsibilities undertaken by wives of absent husband. There is also the effect of return migration on culture. In this case the migrant brings with his own norms, values and attitude and also carries back many of the ideas from the new place.
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