Sociology

SOE-201: Sociological Thought

Short Questions ( 2 marks )

1. Who first popularised the term Industrial Revolution?

Ans: Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee (1852–83) to describe Britain’s economic development from 1760 to 1840.

2. What is the main theme of the Industrial Revolution?

Ans: The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and new ways of organizing work made existing industries more productive and efficient.

3. What are the 3 themes of the Industrial Revolution?

Ans: These are the first three industrial revolutions that transformed our modern society. With each of these three advancements—the steam engine, the age of science and mass production, and the rise of digital technology—the world around us fundamentally changed.

4. What is/are the main cause of French Revolution?

Ans: Despotic rule of Louis XVI, division of French society, rising prices, inspiration of the philosophers and role of middle class.

5. What were the impacts of French revolution?

Ans: The Revolution unified France and enhanced the power of the nation state. It played a vital role in establishing democratic institutions such as elections, representative government, and constitutions.

6. Define Durkheim's sacred and profane?

Ans: Sacred: Sacred things embody gods, spirits and natural objects and embrace beliefs and social practices. A belief, practice or rite can have a sacred character and carries the tendency to be viewed by others as a ‘consecrated’ thing.

Profane: The profane may be defined as anything which is subordinated in dignity to the sacred and radically opposite to it. In this sense, the profane is the principle which has the capacity to contaminate the sacred.

7. Define Durkheim Morality?

Ans: Durkheim defines morality as “a system of rules of conduct.”

8. What is social organism?

Ans: The Social Organism," Spencer compared human societies to biological organisms. He used this analogy to link biological and social evolution, implying both followed the same processes and di- rection.

9.How many Spencer divided the functional groups of society?

Ans: In the third volume of The Principles of Sociology, Spencer divided the functional groups of society into three societal systems. Sustaining, regulating, and distributing.

10. What does D.P. Mukerji mean by Purusha?

Ans: According to D.P. Mukerji, the concept of Purusha is not different from society and an individual and neither is this concept under control of Purusha group mind. Mr. Mukerji was of the view that Purusha is an active actor who fulfills his responsibilities by establishing contact with other persons.

11. What is living tradition, according to D.P. Mukerji ?

Ans: According to D.P. Mukerji, living tradition is a tradition which maintains links with the past by retaining something from it, and at the same time incorporates new things.

12. Define the scope of Sociology

Ans: Anthony Giddens has written, “The scope of sociological study is extremely wide, ranging from the analysis of passing encounters between individuals in the street to the investigation of global social processes.”

13. What are the component of Spencer identified types of societies in terms of their evolutionary stage

Ans: a. Simple Society: This is the most primitive society without any complexities and consisting of several families. b. Compound Society: A large number of above mentioned simple societies make a compound society. This is clan society. c. Doubly Compound Society: These consist of several clans compounded into tribes or tribal society. d. Trebly Compound Society: Here the tribes are organized into nation states. This is the present form of the world.

14. What is Positivism?

Ans: Positivism is a term used to describe an approach to the study of society that relies specifically on empirical scientific evidence, such as controlled experiments and statistics.

15. Defined social fact?

Ans: According to Durkheim social facts are “collective way’s of acting, thinking and feeling that present the property of existing outside the individual consciousness.”

16. Society is a sui-generis

Ans: According to Emile Durkheim, society existed before any individual was born and would continue to exist even after the individual is gone. This basically meant that, although society is composed of a number of parts with people representing one of the parts, it cannot be defined by reducing it to the sum of parts that interact to create its unique nature.

17. Who termed Indian villages as "little republics" that were ‘almost independent of foreign relations’ and in which year?

Ans: In 1832, Charles Metcalfe.

18. Who introduced Sankritization? The concept was found in which one of his book?

Ans: The concept ‘Sanskritization’ was first introduced by Prof. M.N. Srinivas, the famous Indian sociologist. He explained the concept of Sanskritization in his book “Religion and society among the Coorgs of South India” to describe the cultural mobility in the traditional caste structure of Indian society.

19. What does Srinivas' dominant Caste mean?

Ans: The term dominant caste is used to refer to a caste which “wields economic or political power and occupies a fairly high position in the hierarchy.”

20. "Tribes are the imperfectly integrated classes of Hindu society"? Who made this remark?

Ans: According to Govind Sadashiv Ghurye were backward Hindus.

21. What is Social Static?

Ans: Social statics is the study of the conditions of society’s existence at any given moment which is analyzed by means of a theory of social order.

22. What is Social Dynamic?

Ans: Social dynamics is the study of continuous movements in social phenomena through time by means of a theory of social progress.

23. What is Fetishism?

Ans: Fetishism mean when the man accepts the existence of the spirit or the soul. It did not admit priesthood.

What is the Third Stage of Auguste Comete Laws of Human Progress?

Ans: The third stage, known as the Scientific or positive stage, is characterized by a shift towards observation taking precedence over imagination, and the transformation of all theoretical concepts into concrete and empirically grounded principles.

24. Before adopting the term "sociology," what did Comte originally call the new social science he sought to establish?

Ans: Social Physics.

25. Who stole the term "social physics," initially used by Comte to refer to the new social science before he coined the term "sociology"?

Ans: Adolphe Quetelet, the Belgian Social Statistician.

26. What resources can sociology draw when it sets itself the task of explaining the laws of progress and social order?

Ans: Observation, experimentation and comparison.

27. Who has translated Auguste Comte's book "Course of Positive Philosophy" into English "The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte"?

Ans: Harriet Martineau

28. What kind of change does it bring during the Enlightenment period?

Ans: The Enlightenment Period marked a radical change from the traditional thinking of feudal Europe.

29. Who are the two pioneers of sociology as a new science of society?

Ans: Auguste Comte and Herbert Spence.

30. What is Residues according to Pareto

Ans: According to Pareto, “The Residues are the manifestations of instincts and sentiments as the elevation of mercury in a thermometer is the manifestation of a rise in the temperature.”

31. What are the two social forces that Durkheim considered when proposing his four types of suicide?

Ans: Social Integration and Moral regulation

32. How many types of suicide did Durkheim propose in his theory?

Ans: 4 (Four)

33. Can you name the four types of suicide identified by Durkheim?

Ans: 1. Egoistic or Individualistic Suicide, 2. Altruistic Suicide, 3. Anomic Suicide and 4. Fatalistic Suicide.

34. Identify the three types of Ideal Types according to Weber?

Ans: 1. Ideal types of historical particulars, 2. The abstract element of the historical reality, and 3. Rationalizing reconstruction of a particular kind of behaviour.

35. Name the three types of authority in which Weber has classified?

Ans: 1. Traditional Authority, 2. Rational Authority, and 3. Charismatic Authority.

Defined Religion according to Durkheim?

Ans: Durkheim defines religion “as a unified system of beliefs and practices forbidden to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden - beliefs and practices which unite in one single moral community called a church, all those who adhere to them.”

36. What is residues?

Ans: Residues are those relatively unchanging and generally permanent elements.

37. What is derivations?

Ans: Derivations are those changing elements which account for the development of non-scientific theories or rationalizations of human behaviour.

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