Women and Employment

Semester – I Interdisciplinary SC 101-ID: Environment and Society

1. Which of the following is a key factor influencing women's labor force participation in India?

(A) Higher wages

(B) Education and skill development

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Women's labor force participation in India is influenced by a combination of factors, including wages, access to education and skills development, and the cultural and social norms prevalent in different regions.

2. In India, which sector employs the largest number of women workers?

(A) Agriculture

(B) Manufacturing

(D) Construction

(A) Agriculture

Explanation: In India, the agricultural sector remains the largest employer of women, though there has been a steady shift towards urbanization and service sector employment in recent decades.

3. According to the National Sample Survey, what percentage of women in India were employed in the non-agricultural sector in 2020?

(A) 10%

(B) 20%

(D) 40%

Explanation: As per the National Sample Survey, around 30% of women in India were employed in the non-agricultural sector in 2020, reflecting the growing trend of women moving into urban-based jobs.

4. Which of the following factors is a major barrier to women’s employment in India?

(A) Gender-based wage discrimination

(B) Lack of proper childcare facilities

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Barriers to women's employment in India include gender-based wage discrimination, lack of adequate childcare facilities, and cultural and social norms that restrict women's mobility and independence.

5. According to the World Bank, what percentage of women in India are in informal employment?

(A) 60%

(B) 80%

(D) 50%

(B) 80%

Explanation: The World Bank estimates that around 80% of women in India are engaged in informal employment, which often lacks job security, social benefits, and legal protection.

6. What is the female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) in India, as per recent reports?

(A) 25%

(B) 35%

(D) 55%

(A) 25%

Explanation: The female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) in India is currently around 25%, which is lower compared to global standards and many other countries due to various cultural and economic factors.

7. Which of the following has a direct impact on the gender wage gap in India?

(A) Women’s access to education and skill training

(B) Occupation segregation by gender

(D) All of the above

Explanation: The gender wage gap in India is influenced by multiple factors, including limited access to education and skill training for women, occupation segregation by gender, and discriminatory hiring practices.

8. Which of the following programs aims to improve women’s participation in the labor force in India?

(A) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao

(B) MUDRA Yojana

(D) Swachh Bharat Mission

Explanation: MGNREGA provides employment to rural households, especially women, by ensuring wage employment through public works programs, thus increasing women’s participation in the labor force in rural India.

9. Which industry has seen significant growth in female employment in India over the past decade?

(A) Textiles and garments

(B) Information technology (IT)

(D) Healthcare and education

(B) Information technology (IT)

Explanation: The IT industry has seen significant growth in female employment in India, with many women taking up jobs in software development, customer support, and business process outsourcing (BPO).

10. What is a common reason for the low female labor force participation in rural India?

(A) Limited access to education

(B) Cultural norms that restrict women’s mobility

(D) All of the above

Explanation: The low female labor force participation in rural India can be attributed to limited access to education, cultural norms that restrict mobility, and a lack of safe and affordable transportation options for women.

11. In India, what is the impact of child marriage on women’s employment opportunities?

(A) It increases women’s employment opportunities

(B) It limits women’s access to education and formal employment

(D) It has no effect on women’s employment opportunities

(B) It limits women’s access to education and formal employment

Explanation: Child marriage in India often results in early pregnancies and restricted access to education, which in turn limits women’s opportunities for formal employment and economic independence.

12. What percentage of women in India are engaged in unpaid family labor?

(A) 10%

(B) 20%

(D) 60%

Explanation: In India, around 40% of women are engaged in unpaid family labor, contributing to the household but not receiving financial compensation, which hinders their economic independence and formal employment opportunities.

13. Which state in India has the highest female labor force participation rate (FLFPR)?

(A) Uttar Pradesh

(B) Kerala

(D) Maharashtra

(B) Kerala

Explanation: Kerala has the highest female labor force participation rate in India, attributed to higher educational levels, better health outcomes, and more gender-equal policies compared to other states.

14. What is the major challenge faced by women entrepreneurs in India?

(A) Lack of access to financing

(B) Limited support from the government

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Women entrepreneurs in India face several challenges, including limited access to financing, insufficient government support, and societal expectations that restrict their participation in business and entrepreneurship.

15. How does the Indian government support women’s employment through the MUDRA Yojana?

(A) By providing skill development programs

(B) By offering micro-financing to women entrepreneurs

(D) By ensuring job reservations in the public sector

(B) By offering micro-financing to women entrepreneurs

Explanation: The MUDRA Yojana provides micro-financing to women entrepreneurs, enabling them to start or expand their small businesses and contribute to the economy.

16. What is a key reason for the gender gap in wages in India?

(A) Women’s lower level of education

(B) Women’s concentration in low-paying, informal jobs

(D) All of the above

Explanation: The gender wage gap in India can be attributed to several factors, including lower educational levels for women, concentration in informal, low-paying jobs, and discriminatory hiring and promotion practices in the formal sector.

17. Which sector has seen the most growth in women’s employment in urban India in the past decade?

(A) Manufacturing

(B) Information Technology (IT)

(D) Construction

(B) Information Technology (IT)

Explanation: The Information Technology (IT) sector has seen significant growth in women’s employment, particularly in urban areas, offering women jobs in software development, BPOs, and other services.

18. What is one of the challenges faced by rural women in India seeking employment?

(A) Lack of transportation options

(B) High literacy rates

(D) Availability of childcare services

(A) Lack of transportation options

Explanation: Rural women face significant challenges due to the lack of transportation options, which makes it difficult for them to access job opportunities, especially in urban areas.

19. According to the latest reports, what percentage of women in India are employed in the formal sector?

(A) 10%

(B) 20%

(D) 40%

(B) 20%

Explanation: Around 20% of women in India are employed in the formal sector. The majority are employed in the informal sector, particularly in agriculture and household-based work.

20. Which of the following policies directly aims at promoting women’s employment in India?

(A) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao

(B) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana

(D) Both B and C

Explanation: Both the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (providing microfinance to women entrepreneurs) and MGNREGA (offering wage employment to rural women) aim to directly promote women’s employment in India.

21. Which of the following challenges do women face in India’s labor market?

(A) Lack of equal opportunities for career advancement

(B) Low literacy rates compared to men

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Women in India face challenges such as unequal career advancement opportunities, lower literacy rates compared to men, and gender-based occupational segregation, which limit their access to better-paying jobs and leadership roles.

22. What is the gender wage gap in the Indian labor market largely attributed to?

(A) Higher education levels for women

(B) More women in managerial roles

(D) None of the above

Explanation: The gender wage gap in India is largely due to the overrepresentation of women in informal sectors and low-paying occupations, which limits their earning potential compared to men.

23. What is one of the primary reasons for low female participation in the labor force in India?

(A) High female literacy rates

(B) Strict labor laws protecting women

(D) High levels of urbanization

Explanation: Sociocultural barriers, including traditional gender roles that limit women's mobility and opportunities for paid work, are significant factors in the low female labor force participation in India.

24. Which of the following is an initiative aimed at providing financial support to women entrepreneurs in India?

(A) Make in India

(B) Atal Pension Yojana

(D) National Health Mission

Explanation: The Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana provides financial support through microloans to women entrepreneurs, enabling them to start or expand their businesses and contribute to the economy.

25. What role do skill development programs play in enhancing women’s employment prospects in India?

(A) They help women access better job opportunities

(B) They enable women to switch careers

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Skill development programs play a key role in enhancing women’s employment prospects by providing them with the training needed to access better job opportunities, switch careers, and secure jobs in high-demand sectors.

26. What has been a significant trend in women’s employment in urban India over the last decade?

(A) Increased participation in the informal sector

(B) Increased participation in agriculture

(D) Decreased participation in the workforce

Explanation: Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in women’s participation in the services and IT sectors in urban India, offering new job opportunities in technology, finance, and healthcare.

27. How does the lack of gender-neutral policies affect women’s participation in India’s labor force?

(A) It increases women’s participation

(B) It creates barriers for women, particularly in higher positions

(D) It leads to higher wages for women

(B) It creates barriers for women, particularly in higher positions

Explanation: The lack of gender-neutral policies in the workplace creates barriers for women, especially in terms of career advancement, access to higher-paying jobs, and leadership positions.

28. Which of the following is the main source of income for a large proportion of women in rural India?

(A) Wage labor in urban factories

(B) Agricultural labor and unpaid family work

(D) Self-employment in urban areas

(B) Agricultural labor and unpaid family work

Explanation: A large proportion of women in rural India are engaged in agricultural labor and unpaid family work, often in informal and subsistence roles, contributing to the household but without formal compensation.

29. Which government initiative in India specifically promotes women’s participation in the workforce?

(A) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

(B) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana

(D) Skill India Mission

(B) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana

Explanation: The Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana offers microloans to women entrepreneurs to help them start or expand businesses, thereby promoting women’s economic participation and financial independence.

30. What is the current trend in the gender wage gap in India?

(A) The gender wage gap is narrowing significantly

(B) The gender wage gap is widening

(D) The gender wage gap is uniform across all sectors

(B) The gender wage gap is widening

Explanation: Despite some progress, the gender wage gap in India remains a significant issue and has been widening, especially in urban areas and among highly skilled workers, due to various social, educational, and systemic barriers.

31. What is one of the primary reasons why many women in India are employed in the informal sector?

(A) Higher wages in the informal sector

(B) Lack of educational qualifications

(D) Unavailability of formal jobs

Explanation: Cultural restrictions, including gender-based mobility restrictions, and the lack of adequate childcare facilities, prevent many women from entering the formal labor market, pushing them into the informal sector.

32. Which of the following initiatives is aimed at promoting skill development among women in India?

(A) Skill India Mission

(B) MGNREGA

(D) National Rural Livelihood Mission

(A) Skill India Mission

Explanation: The Skill India Mission aims to provide skill training to women and other marginalized groups, helping them access better job opportunities and contribute to the country’s growing workforce.

33. What factor most significantly affects women’s participation in India’s workforce according to recent studies?

(A) Access to technology

(B) Availability of safe public transportation

(D) Availability of formal jobs

Explanation: The availability of affordable childcare and effective parental leave policies plays a crucial role in enabling women to participate fully in the workforce, as these factors directly influence their ability to balance work and family responsibilities.

34. What is the participation of women in the agricultural sector in India?

(A) Less than 10%

(B) Around 20%

(D) More than 50%

Explanation: Women in India constitute a significant portion of the agricultural workforce, with estimates suggesting that more than 50% of women are employed in agriculture, contributing to both paid and unpaid work.

35. Which of the following is a common challenge faced by women entrepreneurs in India?

(A) Limited access to finance

(B) Societal expectations limiting women’s business aspirations

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Women entrepreneurs in India often face challenges such as limited access to finance, societal expectations, and a lack of access to technology and markets, all of which limit their potential for growth.

36. Which region in India has the highest female labor force participation rate?

(A) Northern India

(B) Western India

(D) Eastern India

Explanation: Southern India, especially states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu, has seen higher female labor force participation rates compared to other regions, driven by better education, healthcare, and more gender-sensitive policies.

37. Which of the following acts is aimed at providing economic security and job opportunities to rural women?

(A) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

(B) Atal Pension Yojana

(D) Make in India

(A) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

Explanation: The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) provides wage employment to rural households, including women, by ensuring that they have access to job opportunities through public works.

38. What is the primary challenge that women face in accessing formal employment in India?

(A) Lack of qualifications

(B) Gender stereotypes and societal expectations

(D) Limited job opportunities

(B) Gender stereotypes and societal expectations

Explanation: Gender stereotypes and societal expectations, such as the belief that women should primarily take care of the household, restrict their access to formal employment opportunities.

39. Which of the following has been a significant barrier for women in accessing higher-paying jobs in India?

(A) Higher education levels

(B) Cultural norms that limit women’s mobility

(D) Both B and C

Explanation: Cultural norms and discrimination in the workplace prevent women from accessing higher-paying jobs, limiting their opportunities for career growth and economic independence.

40. Which of the following government initiatives focuses on improving women’s access to finance and entrepreneurship in India?

(A) Atal Pension Yojana

(B) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana

(D) National Health Mission

(B) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana

Explanation: The Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana provides financial support in the form of microloans to women entrepreneurs, helping them start and expand small businesses.

41. What percentage of women in India are employed in the organized or formal sector?

(A) 10%

(B) 20%

(D) 40%

(B) 20%

Explanation: Only about 20% of women in India are employed in the organized or formal sector, with the majority being engaged in informal and low-paying work.

42. How has urbanization impacted women’s participation in India’s labor force?

(A) Urbanization has increased women’s participation in high-paying jobs

(B) Urbanization has had no impact on women’s labor force participation

(D) Urbanization has limited women’s access to employment

(A) Urbanization has increased women’s participation in high-paying jobs

Explanation: Urbanization has provided women with better access to formal employment opportunities, including higher-paying jobs in sectors such as IT, services, and healthcare, compared to rural areas.

43. Which of the following factors plays a significant role in increasing women’s participation in India’s workforce?

(A) Increased access to higher education and skills training

(B) Availability of better child care options

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Increasing access to education, better child care options, and supportive government policies are all key factors that contribute to greater female participation in India’s workforce.

44. Which of the following sectors has a significant gender divide in employment opportunities in India?

(A) Agriculture

(B) Manufacturing

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Employment opportunities in agriculture, manufacturing, and services often exhibit a significant gender divide, with women generally concentrated in lower-paying, informal roles across these sectors.

45. Which of the following strategies can help reduce gender-based wage discrimination in India?

(A) Equal pay for equal work policies

(B) Strict monitoring of hiring and promotion practices

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Reducing gender-based wage discrimination requires a combination of policies such as equal pay for equal work, stricter monitoring of hiring and promotion practices, and increasing women’s representation in managerial and leadership positions.

46. What is the percentage of women’s representation in managerial and leadership roles in India?

(A) 10%

(B) 20%

(D) 40%

(B) 20%

Explanation: Women’s representation in managerial and leadership roles in India remains low, with only around 20% of such roles occupied by women in the corporate and government sectors.

47. What does the Gender Wage Gap (GWG) reflect in the Indian context?

(A) The difference in wages between men and women for similar work

(B) The higher wages that women earn compared to men

(D) Women’s earning power in informal sectors

(A) The difference in wages between men and women for similar work

Explanation: The Gender Wage Gap (GWG) in India reflects the disparity in wages earned by men and women for similar work, with women generally earning less than their male counterparts.

48. What is one of the most significant social barriers for women’s full participation in India’s labor market?

(A) Low literacy rates

(B) Cultural restrictions on women’s mobility

(D) High unemployment rates

(B) Cultural restrictions on women’s mobility

Explanation: Cultural restrictions, such as limited mobility for women and societal norms that prioritize family roles over career ambitions, are among the most significant barriers preventing women from fully participating in the workforce.

49. How does the lack of formal child care services affect women’s participation in the workforce in India?

(A) It decreases their workforce participation

(B) It encourages more women to participate in the workforce

(D) It increases women’s earnings

(A) It decreases their workforce participation

Explanation: The lack of affordable and accessible child care services in India is a major barrier for women, as it limits their ability to participate in the workforce, especially in urban areas.

50. Which government scheme focuses on providing skill development to women in rural India?

(A) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao

(B) National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)

(D) Atal Pension Yojana

(B) National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)

Explanation: The National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) provides skill development and livelihood opportunities for women in rural areas, improving their economic independence and participation in the workforce.

51. What is one of the key reasons for the gender pay gap in India's formal labor market?

(A) Women working fewer hours than men

(B) The concentration of women in low-paying sectors

(D) All of the above

(B) The concentration of women in low-paying sectors

Explanation: The gender pay gap in India is largely due to the overrepresentation of women in low-paying sectors like agriculture, education, and healthcare, and their underrepresentation in high-paying sectors like finance and technology.

52. Which government initiative focuses specifically on promoting women’s employment through entrepreneurship in India?

(A) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana

(B) Atal Pension Yojana

(D) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao

(A) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana

Explanation: The Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana aims to provide financial assistance through micro-loans to women entrepreneurs, encouraging them to start or expand their businesses and contribute to economic growth.

53. What has been the impact of globalization on women’s employment in India?

(A) Increased job opportunities for women in rural areas

(B) Increased informal employment for women

(D) Increased participation of women in higher-paying formal sectors

(B) Increased informal employment for women

Explanation: Globalization has led to an increase in informal sector employment for women, especially in industries such as textiles, domestic work, and agriculture, where women face poor working conditions and low wages.

54. Which of the following sectors is most dominated by women in India’s workforce?

(A) Information Technology

(B) Agriculture

(D) Construction

(B) Agriculture

Explanation: Agriculture remains the sector with the highest employment for women in India, particularly in rural areas where women are heavily involved in agricultural labor, both paid and unpaid.

55. What is the female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) in India compared to the global average?

(A) Higher than the global average

(B) Lower than the global average

(D) No data is available

(B) Lower than the global average

Explanation: The female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) in India is significantly lower than the global average, reflecting barriers such as cultural norms, lower educational attainment, and limited access to formal employment opportunities.

56. Which of the following is a major contributor to the informal employment of women in India?

(A) The lack of formal education

(B) Limited access to formal sector jobs

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Informal employment for women in India is driven by multiple factors including limited access to formal sector jobs, low levels of education, and societal expectations that prioritize caregiving roles over employment.

57. In which Indian state has female labor force participation been notably higher than the national average?

(A) Bihar

(B) Kerala

(D) Uttar Pradesh

(B) Kerala

Explanation: Kerala is one of the states in India where female labor force participation is higher than the national average, largely due to higher educational attainment, progressive policies, and social awareness.

58. Which of the following is a major reason for the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions in India’s workforce?

(A) Lack of formal education

(B) Discriminatory hiring and promotion practices

(D) Lack of women’s interest in leadership roles

(B) Discriminatory hiring and promotion practices

Explanation: Discriminatory hiring and promotion practices that favor men, combined with societal expectations of women’s roles in the family, contribute to the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions in India.

59. Which of the following government schemes is designed to provide women in India with access to financial resources for self-employment?

(A) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana

(B) National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)

(D) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao

(B) National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)

Explanation: The National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) aims to improve the livelihoods of rural women by providing them access to financial services, skill development, and self-employment opportunities.

60. What is one of the most important social factors that influences women’s employment opportunities in India?

(A) High level of job skills among women

(B) Gender stereotypes and societal roles

(D) Access to government jobs

(B) Gender stereotypes and societal roles

Explanation: Gender stereotypes and societal expectations of women as caregivers and homemakers often restrict their participation in formal employment and influence the types of jobs they can access.

61. Which of the following sectors has seen significant growth in women’s employment in India in recent years?

(A) Agriculture

(B) Textile and Garment Industry

(D) Information Technology (IT)

Explanation: The Information Technology (IT) sector has seen significant growth in women’s employment, particularly in urban areas, with women participating in software development, customer support, and business process outsourcing.

62. Which of the following factors has contributed to the increasing participation of women in the labor force in urban India?

(A) Improvement in transportation infrastructure

(B) Growth of the service sector

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Factors such as improvements in transportation infrastructure, growth in the service sector, and increased access to education and skill development have contributed to the rising participation of women in the labor force in urban areas.

63. Which of the following programs is aimed at providing financial support to rural women in India for income-generating activities?

(A) MGNREGA

(B) National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)

(D) Atal Pension Yojana

(B) National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)

Explanation: The National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) provides rural women with access to financial services and resources for income-generating activities, helping them become self-reliant and improve their livelihoods.

64. What is a major barrier to women's participation in the formal labor market in India?

(A) Lack of skill training

(B) Cultural and societal norms limiting women’s mobility

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Women in India face multiple barriers to formal labor market participation, including limited access to skill training, societal norms that restrict mobility, and the concentration of women in low-paying jobs.

65. Which Indian state has the highest female labor force participation rate (FLFPR)?

(A) Kerala

(B) Uttar Pradesh

(D) Tamil Nadu

(A) Kerala

Explanation: Kerala has one of the highest female labor force participation rates in India, largely due to better access to education, healthcare, and more gender-equal policies compared to other states.

66. How does the availability of affordable childcare services impact women's employment in India?

(A) It increases women's participation in the workforce

(B) It decreases women's participation in the workforce

(D) It encourages women to stay at home

(A) It increases women's participation in the workforce

Explanation: Access to affordable and reliable childcare services allows women to balance work and family responsibilities, thus increasing their participation in the workforce, especially in formal jobs.

67. According to recent reports, what percentage of women in India work in the informal sector?

(A) 60%

(B) 70%

(D) 90%

Explanation: Around 80% of women in India work in the informal sector, which includes agricultural work, domestic labor, and small-scale businesses. This sector often lacks job security and formal employment benefits.

68. What is one of the main reasons for the underrepresentation of women in leadership roles in India?

(A) Lack of education and skills

(B) Societal gender norms and biases

(D) Lack of formal job opportunities

(B) Societal gender norms and biases

Explanation: Societal gender norms and biases often prevent women from reaching leadership roles, as they are expected to prioritize family responsibilities over career advancement, and face barriers such as discrimination in the workplace.

69. Which of the following is a key reason for the gender disparity in education and employment in rural India?

(A) Higher dropout rates for girls

(B) Limited access to quality education

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Gender disparity in education and employment in rural India is caused by a combination of factors, including higher dropout rates for girls, limited access to quality education, and socio-cultural norms that prioritize boys' education and limit girls' mobility.

70. How does skill development contribute to improving women’s employment opportunities in India?

(A) By reducing women’s dependency on others

(B) By increasing women’s employability and access to better jobs

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Skill development programs enhance women’s employability, increase their access to better-paying formal sector jobs, and reduce dependency, thus empowering them to participate more actively in the economy.

71. What is the impact of child marriage on women's labor force participation in India?

(A) It increases women’s participation in the workforce

(B) It decreases women’s access to education and formal employment

(D) It encourages women to join the informal sector

(B) It decreases women’s access to education and formal employment

Explanation: Child marriage in India often results in early pregnancies and limited access to education, which significantly reduces women's access to formal employment opportunities and limits their participation in the labor force.

72. According to the World Bank, what is one of the major factors limiting women’s employment in India?

(A) High unemployment rates among women

(B) The lack of gender-inclusive labor laws

(D) All of the above

Explanation: The major factors limiting women’s employment in India include high unemployment rates among women, a lack of gender-inclusive labor laws, and limited access to digital skills and technology, which restrict women’s employment opportunities in the formal sector.

73. Which of the following initiatives was launched by the Indian government to promote women’s employment in the informal sector?

(A) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

(B) Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

(D) Skill India Mission

(B) Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

Explanation: The Self-Help Groups (SHGs) initiative supports women in rural and urban areas by enabling them to form groups for mutual assistance, skill-building, and starting income-generating activities, especially in the informal sector.

74. What role does social media play in empowering women’s employment in India?

(A) Social media discourages women from working

(B) Social media increases the gender divide in employment

(D) Social media has no impact on women’s employment in India

Explanation: Social media has opened new avenues for women in India, providing networking opportunities, promoting entrepreneurship, and enabling women to access business platforms, which can enhance their employment and career prospects.

75. Which government initiative aims to increase financial literacy and entrepreneurship among women in India?

(A) Atal Pension Yojana

(B) National Skill Development Mission

(D) Digital India Program

Explanation: The Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is a government initiative that provides micro-financing for small businesses, particularly for women entrepreneurs, helping to improve their financial literacy and boost their economic independence.

76. What is one of the primary reasons why women are underrepresented in the technology sector in India?

(A) Lower levels of education among women

(B) Gender-based biases in hiring

(D) Lack of access to technical education and training

(B) Gender-based biases in hiring

Explanation: Gender-based biases in hiring practices contribute to the underrepresentation of women in the technology sector in India, despite women’s growing interest and capability in this field.

77. According to the latest data, what is the primary sector where women are overrepresented in India?

(A) Agriculture

(B) Manufacturing

(D) Education

(A) Agriculture

Explanation: In India, women are overrepresented in the agricultural sector, where they contribute significantly to agricultural labor, both paid and unpaid, particularly in rural areas.

78. Which of the following is a significant challenge for women entrepreneurs in India?

(A) Limited access to credit and financing

(B) Lack of market access and business networks

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Women entrepreneurs in India face challenges such as limited access to credit, lack of market access, business networks, and pervasive gender biases that hinder their growth and success.

79. What is the role of skill development programs in increasing women’s participation in India’s workforce?

(A) They help women gain technical skills and increase their employability

(B) They focus solely on domestic work

(D) They reduce the need for women to work

(A) They help women gain technical skills and increase their employability

Explanation: Skill development programs equip women with the technical skills and vocational training necessary to increase their employability, open up new job opportunities, and reduce the gender gap in labor force participation.

80. Which of the following has contributed to the slow progress in closing the gender gap in India’s labor force?

(A) Inadequate education and skill training for women

(B) Limited access to formal job opportunities

(D) All of the above

Explanation: The slow progress in closing the gender gap in India’s labor force is due to a combination of factors such as inadequate education, limited access to formal job opportunities, and persistent gender-based discrimination in hiring, pay, and career advancement.

81. Which of the following sectors in India has seen the highest increase in female workforce participation in the past decade?

(A) Agriculture

(B) Information Technology (IT)

(D) Retail and Services

(B) Information Technology (IT)

Explanation: The Information Technology (IT) sector in India has witnessed a significant increase in female workforce participation, driven by growth in technology-related jobs and the expansion of business process outsourcing (BPO) services.

82. What is one of the major reasons women are often concentrated in lower-paying jobs in India?

(A) Lack of desire for higher-paying jobs

(B) Overrepresentation in the informal sector

(D) Limited mobility to urban areas

(B) Overrepresentation in the informal sector

Explanation: Women are often concentrated in the informal sector, which typically offers lower wages, lack of job security, and no benefits, contributing significantly to their underpayment compared to their male counterparts in the formal sector.

83. What is the main challenge for women in the construction industry in India?

(A) Discrimination in wages

(B) Health and safety concerns at the workplace

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Women in the construction industry face challenges such as wage discrimination, poor working conditions, and limited job opportunities, all of which contribute to their underrepresentation in this sector.

84. Which of the following government schemes focuses on increasing women's participation in self-employment?

(A) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana

(B) Swachh Bharat Mission

(D) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao

(A) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana

Explanation: The Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana provides micro-financing to small businesses, especially those run by women, enabling them to become self-employed and contribute to the economy.

85. What factor has been identified as contributing to the higher employment of women in the IT sector in India?

(A) Gender-neutral recruitment policies

(B) High wages in the sector

(D) Gender-specific training programs

Explanation: The availability of flexible working hours and work-from-home options has played a significant role in increasing women’s participation in the IT sector in India, as it allows them to balance work and family responsibilities.

86. According to the National Sample Survey (NSS), what percentage of rural women in India are employed in agriculture?

(A) 30%

(B) 40%

(D) 70%

Explanation: According to the National Sample Survey, around 60% of rural women in India are employed in agriculture, where they engage in both paid and unpaid labor, contributing significantly to the agricultural sector.

87. What is the impact of women's education on their participation in India's workforce?

(A) It has no effect

(B) It significantly increases their chances of accessing higher-paying and formal sector jobs

(D) It decreases their participation in agriculture

(B) It significantly increases their chances of accessing higher-paying and formal sector jobs

Explanation: Higher education levels significantly increase women’s participation in formal, higher-paying jobs, providing them with better career opportunities and reducing the barriers they face in the labor market.

88. How does India’s demographic dividend influence women's employment opportunities?

(A) It creates more job opportunities for women due to the higher number of young working-age individuals

(B) It reduces women's job opportunities due to high competition

(D) It has no impact on women’s employment opportunities

(A) It creates more job opportunities for women due to the higher number of young working-age individuals

Explanation: India’s demographic dividend, with a large young population entering the workforce, has the potential to create more job opportunities for women, especially in sectors like services, education, and IT.

89. What is the percentage of women employed in managerial and leadership roles in India?

(A) 10%

(B) 20%

(D) 50%

(B) 20%

Explanation: Women’s representation in managerial and leadership roles in India is about 20%, reflecting the challenges posed by gender stereotypes, unequal opportunities for career advancement, and societal norms.

90. Which sector has seen significant improvements in gender parity in employment over the last decade in India?

(A) Manufacturing

(B) Information Technology (IT)

(D) Retail

(B) Information Technology (IT)

Explanation: The Information Technology (IT) sector in India has seen significant improvements in gender parity, with an increasing number of women joining the workforce in roles such as software development, customer support, and IT services.

91. What is the role of government policies in improving women’s employment in India?

(A) They encourage equal participation of women in all sectors

(B) They provide financial incentives for women-owned businesses

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Government policies in India aim to improve women’s employment through various initiatives like skill development programs, financial support for women entrepreneurs, and the establishment of gender-neutral labor laws to encourage equal participation in all sectors.

92. Which of the following policies specifically focuses on increasing women’s participation in agriculture in India?

(A) MGNREGA

(B) Pradhan Mantri Kisan Yojana

(D) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

Explanation: The National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) focuses on improving the livelihoods of rural women, including in agriculture, by providing skill development, training, and financial resources for income-generating activities.

93. What is the impact of the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana on women’s employment in India?

(A) It provides microfinance to women entrepreneurs, enabling them to start or expand businesses

(B) It offers job reservations for women

(D) It encourages women to work only in rural areas

(A) It provides microfinance to women entrepreneurs, enabling them to start or expand businesses

Explanation: The Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana provides microfinance and financial support to women entrepreneurs, empowering them to start or expand their small businesses, thereby increasing their participation in the economy.

94. What percentage of women in India are employed in the formal sector?

(A) 10%

(B) 20%

(D) 40%

(B) 20%

Explanation: Around 20% of women in India are employed in the formal sector, with the remaining majority working in informal jobs, including agriculture, domestic work, and other low-paying industries.

95. Which of the following initiatives aims to reduce the gender gap in India’s workforce by promoting women’s education and training?

(A) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao

(B) National Skill Development Mission

(D) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

(B) National Skill Development Mission

Explanation: The National Skill Development Mission focuses on training and upskilling women to increase their employability, thereby promoting women’s participation in India’s workforce and reducing the gender gap.

96. What percentage of women in India work in the informal sector?

(A) 50%

(B) 60%

(D) 80%

Explanation: A significant percentage of women in India, approximately 80%, work in the informal sector, which includes agriculture, domestic work, and small-scale businesses with limited job security and benefits.

97. Which of the following factors contributes to the low female labor force participation rate in India?

(A) Traditional gender roles and societal expectations

(B) Lack of access to formal jobs

(D) All of the above

Explanation: The low female labor force participation rate in India is influenced by several factors including traditional gender roles, limited access to formal jobs, and a lack of skill development opportunities.

98. What is the main reason for the low female representation in leadership positions in India’s workforce?

(A) Higher education levels among women

(B) Family responsibilities and societal expectations

(D) Women’s preference for lower-paying jobs

(B) Family responsibilities and societal expectations

Explanation: The low female representation in leadership positions is largely due to family responsibilities and societal expectations, which often limit women’s ability to pursue career advancement opportunities.

99. Which government program aims to improve financial inclusion and empowerment for women in India?

(A) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

(B) National Health Mission

(D) Make in India

(A) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

Explanation: The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana is a financial inclusion program that aims to ensure access to affordable financial services, including bank accounts and insurance, to empower women economically in rural and urban areas.

100. What is a key recommendation to increase women’s participation in the labor force in India?

(A) Increasing access to formal education and vocational training for women

(B) Improving gender equality in hiring practices

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Increasing women’s participation in the labor force in India requires addressing multiple factors such as improving access to education and vocational training, ensuring gender equality in hiring practices, and providing affordable childcare services.

Women and Employment

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