Social Research: Concepts, Characteristics, Types, Importance, Various Steps in Formulation and Reporting

Model MCQ's Research Methodology

1. What is the primary goal of social research?

(A) To observe individual behavior

(B) To analyze social phenomena systematically

(D) To challenge societal norms

(B) To analyze social phenomena systematically

Explanation: The primary goal of social research is to analyze and understand social phenomena in a systematic and structured manner, helping to gain insights into human behavior and social patterns.

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of social research?

(A) It is based on empirical evidence

(B) It is always subjective

(D) It is not based on scientific methods

(A) It is based on empirical evidence

Explanation: Social research is characterized by its reliance on empirical evidence, which is gathered through systematic observation, experiments, or surveys.

3. What is the first step in the process of social research?

(A) Formulation of the hypothesis

(B) Data collection

(D) Conclusion

Explanation: The first step in social research is identifying the problem or research question. This defines the scope and focus of the research and guides the subsequent steps.

4. Which of the following is NOT a type of social research?

(A) Descriptive research

(B) Analytical research

(D) Quantitative research only

Explanation: Social research can be qualitative or quantitative, and both are used in various types of research (e.g., descriptive, analytical, exploratory). There is no research type focused solely on quantitative methods.

5. Which of the following is a key feature of qualitative research?

(A) It uses numerical data for analysis

(B) It focuses on understanding the meaning of social phenomena

(D) It aims to make generalizations

(B) It focuses on understanding the meaning of social phenomena

Explanation: Qualitative research aims to understand the meanings, experiences, and social contexts of individuals or groups, using methods like interviews and focus groups to gather non-numerical data.

6. Which of the following research methods is commonly used in social research?

(A) Surveys and questionnaires

(B) Randomized controlled trials

(D) All of the above

(A) Surveys and questionnaires

Explanation: Surveys and questionnaires are widely used in social research for collecting data from large groups of people to understand attitudes, behaviors, and opinions on social phenomena.

7. In social research, what is a hypothesis?

(A) A statement about the expected relationship between variables

(B) A conclusion drawn from the data

(D) A detailed explanation of the research methodology

(A) A statement about the expected relationship between variables

Explanation: A hypothesis is a testable statement that predicts the relationship between two or more variables in the research process, guiding the direction of the study.

8. Which of the following best describes "data analysis" in social research?

(A) It involves collecting data from various sources

(B) It involves interpreting and making sense of data to draw conclusions

(D) It is done after the conclusion is reached

(B) It involves interpreting and making sense of data to draw conclusions

Explanation: Data analysis involves organizing, interpreting, and analyzing collected data to identify patterns, relationships, and draw conclusions that answer the research question.

9. Which of the following is an example of a "descriptive" research study?

(A) A study analyzing the causes of social inequality

(B) A study investigating the relationship between education and income

(D) A longitudinal study on the effects of health policies

Explanation: Descriptive research aims to describe the characteristics of a phenomenon or the relationships between variables without focusing on causes or effects. A survey of income distribution is a descriptive study.

10. What is the importance of literature review in social research?

(A) To confirm that the researcher's hypothesis is correct

(B) To understand the existing body of knowledge and identify gaps

(D) To collect raw data

(B) To understand the existing body of knowledge and identify gaps

Explanation: A literature review is crucial in social research as it helps researchers understand what has already been studied, identify existing gaps in knowledge, and position their research within the broader academic conversation.

11. Which of the following is NOT a type of social research methodology?

(A) Exploratory research

(B) Descriptive research

(D) Theoretical research

Explanation: Social research methodologies typically include exploratory, descriptive, and historical research. Theoretical research is not a distinct methodology but rather a theoretical framework for understanding social phenomena.

12. In social research, what does "data triangulation" refer to?

(A) The use of multiple data sources to increase validity

(B) The use of only qualitative data

(D) The repetition of the same research study

(A) The use of multiple data sources to increase validity

Explanation: Data triangulation involves using multiple data sources or methods in research to cross-verify findings and increase the validity and reliability of the results.

13. The primary purpose of a literature review in social research is to:

(A) Prove the hypothesis

(B) Review past literature on a topic to identify research gaps

(D) Present the final results of the research

(B) Review past literature on a topic to identify research gaps

Explanation: The literature review helps researchers understand the existing body of knowledge, identify research gaps, and justify the need for the current study.

14. Which of the following best describes the "importance" of social research?

(A) It allows researchers to create personal opinions

(B) It helps in storytelling and personal anecdotes

(D) It provides objective data for decision-making and policy formulation

Explanation: Social research provides objective data that can be used to inform decisions, shape policies, and contribute to evidence-based practices in various social fields.

15. Which of the following is the correct order of the steps in social research?

(A) Data collection → Problem identification → Hypothesis formulation → Data analysis → Conclusion

(B) Problem identification → Hypothesis formulation → Data collection → Data analysis → Conclusion

(D) Data collection → Problem identification → Data analysis → Hypothesis formulation → Conclusion

(B) Problem identification → Hypothesis formulation → Data collection → Data analysis → Conclusion

Explanation: The correct sequence in social research involves identifying the research problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting data, analyzing the data, and drawing conclusions based on the findings.

16. What is the main focus of "exploratory research"?

(A) To explain the cause-effect relationship between variables

(B) To gather detailed statistical data

(D) To replicate previous studies in the field

Explanation: Exploratory research is conducted when there is limited existing information on a topic. It aims to investigate a new area or generate ideas for further research.

17. What is "sampling" in social research?

(A) The process of analyzing the entire population

(B) The process of selecting a subset of individuals from a larger population

(D) The process of concluding the research study

(B) The process of selecting a subset of individuals from a larger population

Explanation: Sampling is the process of selecting a representative subset (sample) from a larger population to conduct research. It allows researchers to gather data without needing to survey the entire population.

18. Which of the following is an example of quantitative research?

(A) Surveys measuring public opinion on social issues

(B) Interviews with participants to explore their experiences

(D) Case study of a community

(A) Surveys measuring public opinion on social issues

Explanation: Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data, such as through surveys or experiments, to quantify attitudes, behaviors, or opinions on specific issues.

19. What is "data validation" in social research?

(A) The process of collecting data

(B) The process of verifying the accuracy and reliability of data

(D) The process of writing the research report

(B) The process of verifying the accuracy and reliability of data

Explanation: Data validation ensures that the data collected is accurate, reliable, and consistent with the research objectives. This process helps increase the credibility of the research findings.

20. In social research, what is the purpose of "hypothesis testing"?

(A) To formulate a conclusion based on data

(B) To define the research methodology

(D) To verify whether the proposed hypothesis is supported by data

Explanation: Hypothesis testing is conducted to determine whether the hypothesis or research question holds true based on the data collected, thus helping to confirm or reject initial assumptions.

21. What does "data collection" in social research primarily involve?

(A) Reviewing past literature

(B) Gathering information from primary or secondary sources

(D) Interpreting research findings

(B) Gathering information from primary or secondary sources

Explanation: Data collection is the process of gathering information from primary (e.g., surveys, interviews) or secondary sources (e.g., published studies, reports) to address the research question or hypothesis.

22. Which of the following is a limitation of secondary data in social research?

(A) It is often outdated or incomplete

(B) It provides firsthand accounts of social phenomena

(D) It is only available in numerical form

(A) It is often outdated or incomplete

Explanation: A limitation of secondary data is that it may be outdated or incomplete for the specific research question, as it was collected for different purposes and may not align perfectly with the current research objectives.

23. Which of the following is an example of "qualitative data"?

(A) Responses to a Likert scale question

(B) Participants' responses to open-ended interview questions

(D) Temperature data from a weather station

(B) Participants' responses to open-ended interview questions

Explanation: Qualitative data involves non-numerical information, such as participants' responses to open-ended interview questions, which are analyzed for themes, patterns, and meanings.

24. The primary aim of "descriptive research" is to:

(A) Identify causal relationships between variables

(B) Explore the reasons behind observed behaviors

(D) Provide a detailed account of a phenomenon or situation

Explanation: Descriptive research is aimed at providing an accurate and detailed account of a particular phenomenon or social situation without investigating causal relationships.

25. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of "analytic research"?

(A) It investigates the relationships between variables

(B) It is primarily concerned with uncovering patterns and relationships

(D) It tests hypotheses

Explanation: Analytic research goes beyond description to explore the relationships and patterns between variables. It typically involves hypothesis testing and analysis, rather than just describing a situation.

26. Which of the following is a key benefit of "longitudinal research"?

(A) It allows researchers to examine data at one point in time

(B) It provides insights into long-term trends and changes

(D) It is inexpensive and quick to conduct

(B) It provides insights into long-term trends and changes

Explanation: Longitudinal research involves studying the same subjects over an extended period of time. This approach helps researchers observe and analyze long-term trends, behaviors, and changes.

27. Which of the following is true about "hypothesis" in social research?

(A) It is a random guess about the research topic

(B) It is an untested assumption that researchers will ignore

(D) It is not necessary for qualitative research

Explanation: A hypothesis is a clear, testable statement that predicts the relationship between two or more variables in the research. It guides the research design and data analysis process.

28. What is the purpose of "data triangulation" in social research?

(A) To use multiple research methods to validate findings

(B) To reduce the sample size in the study

(D) To collect data only from a single source

(A) To use multiple research methods to validate findings

Explanation: Data triangulation involves using different methods, sources, or data types to cross-verify and enhance the reliability and validity of the research findings.

29. In the context of social research, what does "generalizability" refer to?

(A) The level of detail in the research findings

(B) The ability to analyze a specific group in detail

(D) The ability to apply research findings to different populations or settings

Explanation: Generalizability refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be applied to larger populations or different settings outside of the study sample.

30. Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of using secondary data in social research?

(A) It is always highly reliable and accurate

(B) The data may not align perfectly with the current research question

(D) It provides more detailed, specific data than primary data

(B) The data may not align perfectly with the current research question

Explanation: A disadvantage of secondary data is that it may not perfectly align with the specific research question or objectives of the study, as it was collected for different purposes.

31. What is the purpose of "sampling" in social research?

(A) To select participants who are easily accessible

(B) To gather data only from one person in a community

(D) To ensure the research focuses only on quantitative data

Explanation: Sampling involves selecting a subset (sample) of individuals from a larger population, ensuring that the sample represents the population and the findings can be generalized.

32. Which of the following is a key difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

(A) Quantitative research uses numerical data, while qualitative research focuses on non-numerical data

(B) Qualitative research is always more reliable than quantitative research

(D) Quantitative research avoids hypothesis testing

(A) Quantitative research uses numerical data, while qualitative research focuses on non-numerical data

Explanation: Quantitative research is focused on collecting and analyzing numerical data, while qualitative research is concerned with understanding experiences, meanings, and social phenomena in a non-numerical way.

33. What is the primary objective of "descriptive research" in social research?

(A) To examine the causes of a social problem

(B) To measure the effect of an intervention

(D) To test hypotheses and theories

Explanation: Descriptive research is focused on providing an accurate portrayal of a particular social phenomenon or situation, often using surveys, case studies, or observational methods.

34. What is the purpose of "data analysis" in social research?

(A) To collect primary data from participants

(B) To organize and interpret collected data to draw conclusions

(D) To write the final research report

(B) To organize and interpret collected data to draw conclusions

Explanation: Data analysis involves organizing, categorizing, and interpreting the data to uncover patterns or relationships that address the research question and support conclusions.

35. In social research, what does "validity" refer to?

(A) The consistency of the measurement tool

(B) The generalizability of the results

(D) The accuracy of the research findings

Explanation: Validity refers to the accuracy of the research findings. It measures whether the research truly measures what it intends to measure and whether the results are genuine.

36. Which of the following is an example of "secondary data" in social research?

(A) Responses collected from an interview conducted by the researcher

(B) Data from census reports published by the government

(D) Data gathered through an experiment conducted by the researcher

(B) Data from census reports published by the government

Explanation: Secondary data refers to data that has already been collected and published by other researchers or organizations, such as census reports, historical data, or previous studies.

37. Which of the following is the main advantage of using qualitative research in social studies?

(A) It allows for an in-depth understanding of social phenomena

(B) It can easily generalize results to the larger population

(D) It is easier to analyze than quantitative data

(A) It allows for an in-depth understanding of social phenomena

Explanation: Qualitative research is valuable for exploring complex social phenomena in depth. It helps researchers understand the meanings, experiences, and social contexts behind behaviors and attitudes.

38. What is "hypothesis testing" in social research?

(A) The process of collecting data

(B) The process of verifying whether the proposed hypothesis is supported by the data

(D) The process of writing the research conclusions

(B) The process of verifying whether the proposed hypothesis is supported by the data

Explanation: Hypothesis testing involves evaluating the hypothesis using the data collected in the study. It helps researchers determine whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected based on statistical analysis.

39. In social research, what is "reliability"?

(A) The ability of a measurement tool to produce consistent results

(B) The accuracy of the research findings

(D) The capacity to generalize the findings

(A) The ability of a measurement tool to produce consistent results

Explanation: Reliability refers to the consistency of the measurement tool used in research. A reliable tool produces consistent results when applied under similar conditions.

40. In social research, which of the following is considered the final step in the research process?

(A) Data collection

(B) Writing the research report

(D) Data analysis

(B) Writing the research report

Explanation: The final step in social research is writing the research report, where the findings, methodology, analysis, and conclusions are presented in a clear and structured format.

41. What is the purpose of "ethical considerations" in social research?

(A) To ensure researchers’ personal opinions are included in the study

(B) To ensure the research adheres to legal standards only

(D) To avoid bias in data collection

Explanation: Ethical considerations ensure that research respects the rights, privacy, and dignity of participants, ensuring that the research is conducted in a responsible and respectful manner.

42. In social research, what does "sampling error" refer to?

(A) The inability to collect accurate data

(B) The chance difference between the sample estimate and the true population value

(D) The failure to analyze data properly

(B) The chance difference between the sample estimate and the true population value

Explanation: Sampling error occurs when there is a difference between the results obtained from a sample and the true values from the entire population, often due to the sample not being perfectly representative.

43. Which of the following is true about "secondary data" in social research?

(A) It is always collected firsthand by the researcher

(B) It is not valid for hypothesis testing

(D) It is data previously collected by other researchers or organizations

Explanation: Secondary data refers to data that has already been collected by other researchers, organizations, or government bodies. It can be useful for analyzing trends, comparisons, and supporting primary data collection.

44. Which of the following research methods is most suitable for studying the meaning of people's experiences in a social context?

(A) Quantitative surveys

(B) Experimental methods

(D) Longitudinal studies

Explanation: Qualitative interviews are best for exploring the meaning of individuals’ experiences, thoughts, and feelings in depth, providing insights into social phenomena from the perspectives of the participants themselves.

45. In social research, what does "generalizability" mean?

(A) The ability to apply the findings of a study to other contexts or populations

(B) The ability to collect data in a standardized way

(D) The ability to replicate a study exactly

(A) The ability to apply the findings of a study to other contexts or populations

Explanation: Generalizability refers to the extent to which the findings of a study can be applied beyond the sample to the broader population or other contexts, increasing the study's external validity.

46. What is the "research question" in social research?

(A) A detailed explanation of the research methodology

(B) The problem or issue that the researcher seeks to answer or address

(D) The conclusion drawn from the study

(B) The problem or issue that the researcher seeks to answer or address

Explanation: The research question is the central problem or issue that the researcher seeks to address through the study. It defines the focus and direction of the entire research process.

47. What is the purpose of "pilot testing" in social research?

(A) To test the reliability of the sample population

(B) To determine the final sample size

(D) To test the research methods and data collection tools before the full study

Explanation: Pilot testing is used to test and refine the research instruments (such as surveys or interview guides) to ensure they work as intended and help identify potential issues before the main study begins.

48. Which of the following is a characteristic of "longitudinal research"?

(A) It focuses on studying a single event at one point in time

(B) It involves tracking the same subjects over an extended period of time

(D) It is always conducted using secondary data

(B) It involves tracking the same subjects over an extended period of time

Explanation: Longitudinal research tracks the same group of subjects over an extended period to observe changes and developments in their behaviors or circumstances, making it valuable for studying long-term effects.

49. What does "reliability" in social research refer to?

(A) The consistency and stability of measurement tools

(B) The accuracy of the data analysis process

(D) The ability to collect primary data

(A) The consistency and stability of measurement tools

Explanation: Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of the measurement tools used in research. A reliable measurement tool produces consistent results when repeated under similar conditions.

50. What is "data interpretation" in the context of social research?

(A) The process of collecting raw data

(B) The process of transforming raw data into meaningful conclusions

(D) The process of reviewing existing literature

(B) The process of transforming raw data into meaningful conclusions

Explanation: Data interpretation is the process where researchers analyze the data collected, identify patterns, and draw conclusions that answer the research question or test the hypothesis.

51. What does "external validity" in social research refer to?

(A) The extent to which research findings can be generalized to other settings or populations

(B) The accuracy of the research design

(D) The ability of the research to measure what it is intended to measure

(A) The extent to which research findings can be generalized to other settings or populations

Explanation: External validity refers to the extent to which the findings of a research study can be generalized to other contexts, populations, or settings beyond the study sample.

52. In social research, what is a "theoretical framework"?

(A) A method for collecting data

(B) A detailed account of the research process

(D) A statistical tool for analyzing data

Explanation: A theoretical framework provides a structured basis for understanding and interpreting the research. It uses existing theories and concepts to inform the research design and interpretation of findings.

53. What does "operationalization" refer to in social research?

(A) The process of analyzing data

(B) The process of defining variables and specifying how they will be measured

(D) The collection of secondary data

(B) The process of defining variables and specifying how they will be measured

Explanation: Operationalization is the process of defining and specifying how variables will be measured or manipulated in a study. It is a crucial step in turning abstract concepts into measurable variables.

54. What is the primary purpose of "random sampling" in social research?

(A) To ensure that all participants are equally likely to be selected

(B) To select participants who are easy to reach

(D) To exclude certain individuals from the study

(A) To ensure that all participants are equally likely to be selected

Explanation: Random sampling ensures that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the study, which helps make the sample representative and improves the generalizability of the findings.

55. What is a "cross-sectional study" in social research?

(A) A study that follows subjects over a long period of time

(B) A study that collects data at one specific point in time

(D) A study that examines only historical data

(B) A study that collects data at one specific point in time

Explanation: A cross-sectional study collects data at a single point in time, allowing researchers to examine and analyze the relationships between variables at that particular moment.

56. In the context of social research, what does "informed consent" mean?

(A) The agreement of participants to be part of the research without being informed

(B) The researcher’s consent to collect data from the participants

(C) The process of ensuring that participants understand the study's nature, risks, and benefits before agreeing to participate

(D) The legal agreement between the researcher and the institution funding the study

(C) The process of ensuring that participants understand the study's nature, risks, and benefits before agreeing to participate

Explanation: Informed consent ensures that participants voluntarily agree to take part in research, with a full understanding of the purpose, risks, and any potential benefits of the study.

57. What is the significance of "theoretical sampling" in qualitative research?

(A) It allows the researcher to randomly select participants

(B) It helps ensure that the sample is representative of the entire population

(D) It focuses on selecting participants who can provide data that helps develop or refine theory

Explanation: Theoretical sampling is a process used in qualitative research where participants are selected based on their ability to contribute to theory development or refinement, rather than for representativeness.

58. Which of the following is true about the "conclusion" section of a research report?

(A) It introduces new data and findings

(B) It summarizes the results and discusses the implications of the findings

(D) It outlines the research methodology in detail

(B) It summarizes the results and discusses the implications of the findings

Explanation: The conclusion section of a research report summarizes the key findings, discusses their implications, and suggests areas for further research. It does not introduce new data or methodology.

59. What is the role of "peer review" in social research?

(A) To verify the researcher's personal biases

(B) To collect data from participants

(D) To ensure that the research methodology is sound and the findings are reliable

Explanation: Peer review is a process in which other experts in the field evaluate the quality, methodology, and validity of the research before it is published, ensuring the research is robust and reliable.

60. What does "reporting" in social research involve?

(A) Presenting findings in an informal manner

(B) Compiling raw data for future use

(D) Creating visual representations of data only

Explanation: Reporting in social research involves writing a comprehensive report that includes the study's objectives, methodology, data analysis, findings, and conclusions, providing a transparent and complete account of the research.

61. What is "internal validity" in social research?

(A) The ability of a study to measure what it intends to measure

(B) The ability to apply research findings to a broader population

(D) The accuracy of the study's conclusions in relation to the study sample

Explanation: Internal validity refers to how accurately the study measures what it is intended to measure within the specific context of the study sample, without interference from outside variables.

62. Which of the following is a type of qualitative research method?

(A) Regression analysis

(B) Surveys with Likert-scale questions

(D) Randomized controlled trials

Explanation: Focus group discussions are a qualitative research method where a small group of people discuss a topic in-depth. This method helps explore opinions, beliefs, and experiences in a detailed manner.

63. What does "social desirability bias" refer to in social research?

(A) The tendency of researchers to favor certain outcomes

(B) The tendency of participants to provide answers they think are socially acceptable

(D) The tendency to focus on rare and extreme cases

(B) The tendency of participants to provide answers they think are socially acceptable

Explanation: Social desirability bias occurs when participants provide answers they believe are more socially acceptable, rather than their true opinions, potentially leading to skewed results.

64. What is the role of "triangulation" in qualitative research?

(A) To combine different data sources or methods to strengthen findings

(B) To increase the sample size

(D) To ensure that the research method is cost-effective

(A) To combine different data sources or methods to strengthen findings

Explanation: Triangulation in qualitative research refers to using multiple data sources, methods, or researchers to cross-check and validate the research findings, increasing the robustness and reliability of the conclusions.

65. What is the key difference between "experimental research" and "non-experimental research" in social studies?

(A) Non-experimental research is focused on qualitative data, while experimental research uses only quantitative data

(B) Experimental research manipulates variables, while non-experimental research observes variables

(D) There is no significant difference between the two

(B) Experimental research manipulates variables, while non-experimental research observes variables

Explanation: In experimental research, the researcher manipulates one or more variables to observe their effect on other variables. In contrast, non-experimental research observes and analyzes variables without manipulation.

66. Which of the following best defines "social research ethics"?

(A) The guidelines for collecting data from public sources

(B) The rules for using only qualitative data

(D) The principles that guide researchers to conduct research responsibly, fairly, and with integrity

Explanation: Social research ethics refers to the principles that ensure researchers conduct their studies with respect for participants, ensuring confidentiality, informed consent, and the fair handling of data.

67. In social research, what is "secondary data"?

(A) Data that is only available in qualitative form

(B) Data that has been collected by other researchers or organizations

(D) Data that is collected by the researcher for the first time

(B) Data that has been collected by other researchers or organizations

Explanation: Secondary data refers to data that has already been collected and published by other researchers, institutions, or organizations. It is often used to supplement or compare with primary data.

68. Which of the following is the most common method used in social research to explore individual perceptions in-depth?

(A) Case study

(B) Experimental research

(D) Longitudinal studies

(A) Case study

Explanation: Case studies involve an in-depth exploration of a specific individual, group, or phenomenon. They allow for detailed understanding of personal perceptions, behaviors, and experiences.

69. What does "operationalization" mean in the context of social research?

(A) The process of defining variables and specifying how they will be measured

(B) The final step of writing the research report

(D) The process of analyzing data

(A) The process of defining variables and specifying how they will be measured

Explanation: Operationalization is the process of defining the concepts and variables in the study and specifying exactly how they will be measured or manipulated, making them observable and measurable.

70. What is the "methodology" section in a research report used for?

(A) To describe the literature review

(B) To explain the research design, methods of data collection, and data analysis techniques

(D) To discuss the conclusions of the study

(B) To explain the research design, methods of data collection, and data analysis techniques

Explanation: The methodology section outlines the research design, data collection methods, and analysis techniques used in the study. It provides transparency and allows others to replicate the study.

71. What is the main purpose of "exploratory research"?

(A) To test hypotheses and confirm existing theories

(B) To gather in-depth information about a specific case or phenomenon

(D) To explore a new topic or area where little previous research exists

Explanation: Exploratory research is conducted when a topic is not well understood. It helps identify variables, questions, and areas that can be further explored in future studies.

72. What is "reliability" in the context of social research?

(A) The accuracy of the research results

(B) The degree to which research findings can be generalized to other populations

(D) The extent to which the research tools measure what they are intended to measure

Explanation: Reliability refers to the consistency of a measurement tool or research findings. If the same study were repeated, the results should be similar, demonstrating reliability.

73. What is the main difference between "qualitative research" and "quantitative research"?

(A) Qualitative research involves numerical data, while quantitative research involves descriptive data

(B) Qualitative research is primarily concerned with understanding meanings and experiences, while quantitative research focuses on measuring and analyzing numerical data

(D) Qualitative research uses surveys, while quantitative research uses experiments

(B) Qualitative research is primarily concerned with understanding meanings and experiences, while quantitative research focuses on measuring and analyzing numerical data

Explanation: Qualitative research explores meanings, experiences, and social contexts, while quantitative research measures and analyzes numerical data to quantify relationships or phenomena.

74. What does "sampling bias" refer to in social research?

(A) The tendency of the researcher to select only participants who agree with the hypothesis

(B) The tendency of participants to misrepresent their responses

(D) The selection of participants in a way that is not representative of the broader population

Explanation: Sampling bias occurs when the sample chosen for research does not accurately reflect the population, which can skew results and affect the validity of the study.

75. What is the role of "literature review" in social research?

(A) To formulate a new research question based on gaps in existing research

(B) To summarize the findings of the study

(D) To provide the raw data collected during the study

Explanation: A literature review surveys existing research on the topic, identifying gaps, strengths, and weaknesses in the field, and helps position the current research within the existing body of knowledge.

76. What is the purpose of "hypothesis testing" in social research?

(A) To define the variables involved in the study

(B) To determine whether the data supports the proposed relationship between variables

(D) To collect more data from participants

(B) To determine whether the data supports the proposed relationship between variables

Explanation: Hypothesis testing involves analyzing data to determine whether the results support or reject the proposed hypothesis, helping researchers draw conclusions about the relationships between variables.

77. Which of the following research methods is most appropriate for studying a large population's attitudes toward a social issue?

(A) Survey research

(B) Case study

(D) Experimental research

(A) Survey research

Explanation: Survey research is ideal for studying large populations. It allows researchers to collect standardized data on attitudes, opinions, and behaviors from a broad group of participants.

78. What is "participant observation" in social research?

(A) Observing participants from a distance without interacting with them

(B) A method where the researcher becomes actively involved in the group being studied

(D) Collecting data from written sources without engaging with participants

(B) A method where the researcher becomes actively involved in the group being studied

Explanation: Participant observation involves the researcher actively engaging with the group or community being studied, becoming a part of the environment to gain a deeper understanding of the social phenomenon.

79. What is "data interpretation" in the context of social research?

(A) The process of organizing raw data

(B) The process of presenting data in graphs and charts

(D) The process of analyzing and making sense of the data to draw conclusions

Explanation: Data interpretation involves analyzing the collected data to uncover patterns, relationships, and insights that help answer the research questions and support conclusions.

80. What is the purpose of "coding" in qualitative research?

(A) To organize and categorize data into themes or patterns

(B) To convert qualitative data into numerical data

(D) To prepare data for hypothesis testing

(A) To organize and categorize data into themes or patterns

Explanation: Coding is the process of organizing qualitative data by labeling and categorizing sections of the data into themes or patterns, making it easier to analyze and interpret.

81. What is "data triangulation" used for in social research?

(A) To apply a statistical model to data to derive conclusions

(B) To ensure that data collection is done in a random manner

(D) To analyze data from different perspectives using multiple data sources

Explanation: Data triangulation involves using multiple data sources, methods, or researchers to cross-check and validate findings, enhancing the reliability and credibility of the research results.

82. What is the main goal of "descriptive research" in social studies?

(A) To determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables

(B) To describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon

(D) To explore new theories and develop new hypotheses

(B) To describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon

Explanation: Descriptive research is aimed at providing a detailed account of a particular phenomenon or population, describing its characteristics or behavior without focusing on cause-and-effect relationships.

83. Which of the following is an advantage of "longitudinal studies" in social research?

(A) They are quick and inexpensive to conduct

(B) They allow researchers to examine changes over time

(D) They do not require ethical approval

(B) They allow researchers to examine changes over time

Explanation: Longitudinal studies follow participants over a long period, allowing researchers to track changes and trends over time. This helps in studying the long-term effects of variables on individuals or groups.

84. What is the purpose of "data validation" in social research?

(A) To ensure that the data is complete and accurate

(B) To manipulate data to fit the research hypothesis

(D) To select participants for the study

(A) To ensure that the data is complete and accurate

Explanation: Data validation involves checking the data for accuracy, consistency, and completeness. It ensures that the data used for analysis is reliable and properly reflects the variables under study.

85. What does "qualitative research" primarily focus on?

(A) The collection of numerical data to quantify social phenomena

(B) Understanding the meanings, experiences, and social contexts of individuals

(D) Testing cause-and-effect relationships between variables

(B) Understanding the meanings, experiences, and social contexts of individuals

Explanation: Qualitative research focuses on understanding individuals' experiences, perceptions, and social contexts through non-numerical data, such as interviews, case studies, and observations.

86. What is the role of "research hypothesis" in social research?

(A) To serve as a theory that explains the phenomenon being studied

(B) To outline the data collection process

(D) To provide a tentative statement that can be tested through research

Explanation: A research hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction about the relationship between variables. It guides the research design and the collection and analysis of data.

87. Which of the following best describes "cross-sectional research"?

(A) Research that collects data from the same subjects over a long period

(B) Research that collects data at a single point in time

(D) Research that only uses qualitative data

(B) Research that collects data at a single point in time

Explanation: Cross-sectional research collects data from participants at a single point in time, providing a snapshot of the phenomenon being studied. It is often used to understand relationships between variables in a specific population.

88. What is "theoretical sampling" in qualitative research?

(A) A method of selecting participants based on their ability to contribute to theory development

(B) A random selection of participants from a large population

(D) A process of selecting participants who fit a pre-determined hypothesis

(A) A method of selecting participants based on their ability to contribute to theory development

Explanation: Theoretical sampling is a process used in qualitative research where participants are selected for their potential to help develop or refine theory, rather than for their representativeness.

89. What is "content analysis" in social research used to analyze?

(A) Only numerical data from surveys

(B) Textual, visual, or audio content to identify patterns and themes

(D) Participant observations in a natural environment

(B) Textual, visual, or audio content to identify patterns and themes

Explanation: Content analysis is used to systematically analyze and interpret textual, visual, or audio content, identifying recurring themes, patterns, and trends within the content.

90. In social research, what is "data coding" used for?

(A) To summarize data into a simple chart

(B) To convert qualitative data into numerical data

(D) To test the hypothesis using statistical analysis

Explanation: Data coding is the process of categorizing and labeling qualitative data to organize it into themes or patterns, making it easier to analyze and interpret.

91. Which of the following best describes "causal-comparative research"?

(A) Research that explores cause-and-effect relationships between variables

(B) Research that only focuses on descriptive statistics

(D) Research that uses qualitative data collection methods only

(A) Research that explores cause-and-effect relationships between variables

Explanation: Causal-comparative research seeks to identify and understand cause-and-effect relationships by comparing groups that have been exposed to different conditions or variables.

92. What is the purpose of "pilot studies" in social research?

(A) To test the research hypothesis

(B) To refine research tools and procedures before the full study

(D) To conduct statistical analysis

(B) To refine research tools and procedures before the full study

Explanation: Pilot studies are small-scale trials conducted to test and refine the research tools, methods, and procedures before conducting the full-scale study, ensuring that everything works as planned.

93. What is "non-response bias" in survey research?

(A) The bias that occurs when respondents provide false answers

(B) The bias introduced when data is collected too quickly

(D) The bias that occurs when a certain group of people does not respond to the survey

Explanation: Non-response bias occurs when certain groups of people do not respond to a survey, leading to unrepresentative data and skewed results, which can affect the accuracy of the findings.

94. In social research, what does "external validity" refer to?

(A) The accuracy of the research findings in relation to the study sample

(B) The ability of the research findings to apply to a broader population or different settings

(D) The degree to which the research measures what it intends to measure

(B) The ability of the research findings to apply to a broader population or different settings

Explanation: External validity refers to the extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, or time periods beyond the study sample.

95. What is "secondary data" in social research?

(A) Data that has been collected by other researchers or institutions

(B) Data collected firsthand by the researcher

(D) Data used only for qualitative analysis

(A) Data that has been collected by other researchers or institutions

Explanation: Secondary data refers to data that has already been collected and published by others for different purposes. Researchers often use secondary data to supplement or compare with their own primary data.

96. Which of the following research methods is best for studying people's behaviors in their natural environment?

(A) Survey research

(B) Experimental research

(D) Longitudinal research

Explanation: Field research involves collecting data by observing participants in their natural environment, allowing researchers to study behaviors in real-world settings without manipulation.

97. What is the purpose of "research design" in social research?

(A) To define the methodology and tools for data collection and analysis

(B) To summarize the research findings

(D) To identify the research hypothesis

(A) To define the methodology and tools for data collection and analysis

Explanation: Research design outlines the methods, procedures, and tools that will be used in a study. It provides a roadmap for how the research will be conducted, ensuring that the process is systematic and valid.

98. What is "hypothesis" testing used for in social research?

(A) To outline the research methodology

(B) To generate data for the research

(D) To determine whether the research findings support the hypothesis

Explanation: Hypothesis testing is used to analyze research data and determine if the findings support or reject the initial hypothesis, thus helping researchers draw conclusions about relationships between variables.

99. What is the purpose of a "literature review" in social research?

(A) To summarize and synthesize existing research on a topic

(B) To collect raw data

(D) To write the research findings

(A) To summarize and synthesize existing research on a topic

Explanation: A literature review surveys the existing body of research on a topic, providing context for the current study, identifying gaps in knowledge, and justifying the research questions and methods.

100. In social research, what does "operationalization" refer to?

(A) The final step of writing the research report

(B) The process of defining variables and specifying how they will be measured

(D) The analysis of data after collection

(B) The process of defining variables and specifying how they will be measured

Explanation: Operationalization is the process of defining the concepts and variables in a study and specifying how they will be measured or manipulated. This ensures that abstract concepts can be observed and measured in a structured way.

Social Research: Concepts, Characteristics, Types, Importance, Various Steps in Formulation and Reporting

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