Model MCQ's Vilfredo Pareto
Vilfredo Pareto: Residue and Derivation
1. According to Pareto, what are residues?
(A) Instincts
(B) Manifestations of sentiments and instincts
(C) Logical explanations of behaviors
(D) Social customs
2. Which of the following best describes the feature of residues?
(A) They are logical and based on reason.
(B) They are related to instincts but not the same.
(C) They are temporary motivators.
(D) They are rational actions.
3. According to Pareto, what is the main role of residues in society?
(A) They are based on social logic.
(B) They influence human behavior and maintain social equilibrium.
(C) They directly create economic systems.
(D) They eliminate social conflicts.
4. Which of the following is NOT one of the six types of residues identified by Pareto?
(A) Residues of combination
(B) Residues of sociability
(C) Residues of the economy
(D) Residues of sexual urges
5. What are "derivations" according to Pareto?
(A) Justifications for non-logical actions
(B) Logical explanations for human behavior
(C) Types of social sentiments
(D) Forms of rational activity
6. According to Pareto, how are "derivations" used by individuals?
(A) To justify irrational or non-logical behaviors
(B) To explain societal norms
(C) To promote logical decision-making
(D) To understand instincts
7. Which of the following is true about Pareto’s classification of residues?
(A) They are based purely on rational thought.
(B) They are directly linked to society's customs and traditions.
(C) They are non-logical but stable motivators.
(D) They are driven by conscious reasoning.
8. What role do derivations play in Pareto's theory of social change?
(A) They form the basis of economic systems.
(B) They are used to justify existing social structures.
(C) They result in the complete breakdown of societies.
(D) They promote non-rational social revolutions.
9. Which type of residue, according to Pareto, is responsible for the persistence of social relationships?
(A) Residues of combination
(B) Residues of sociability
(C) Residues of manifestation
(D) Residues of integrity of personality
10. How does Pareto describe the relationship between elites and non-elites in his theory of elite circulation?
(A) The elites are always superior in intelligence.
(B) The non-elites have no chance of rising to power.
(C) There is a continuous exchange between elites and non-elites.
(D) Elites maintain power through hereditary systems only.
11. According to Pareto, what is the role of elites in a society?
(A) To represent the interests of the common people
(B) To maintain control and power through inheritance
(C) To lead and manage society's resources
(D) To follow the decisions of the non-elites
12. What is one of the key differences between residues and derivations in Pareto’s theory?
(A) Residues are irrational, while derivations are rational.
(B) Residues explain human reasoning, while derivations explain behavior.
(C) Derivations are permanent, while residues change.
(D) Residues are linked to economic systems, while derivations are linked to politics.
13. In Pareto's theory, what happens when the circulation of elites slows down?
(A) The social system becomes more stable.
(B) The social system becomes unstable and prone to revolution.
(C) The elites gain more control over society.
(D) Non-elites are unable to rise in society.
14. Which of the following types of residues is linked to human intellectual curiosity?
(A) Residues of combination
(B) Residues of integrity of personality
(C) Residues of sociability
(D) Residues of persistence of aggregates
15. What is a key characteristic of Pareto’s "residues of sociability"?
(A) They are focused on individualism.
(B) They promote social harmony and conformity.
(C) They are related to sexual urges.
(D) They involve material wealth.
16. According to Pareto, what does the circulation of elites ensure in a society?
(A) Permanent control by the ruling class
(B) Continuous renewal of leadership and social equilibrium
(C) Strict adherence to tradition
(D) A decrease in social mobility
17. What does Pareto mean by "residues of persistence of aggregates"?
(A) The need to maintain personal identity
(B) The drive to maintain long-standing relationships or institutions
(C) The desire for constant wealth accumulation
(D) The impulse to explore new ideas and concepts
18. According to Pareto, which of the following is a characteristic of the "residues of the integrity of personality"?
(A) They involve emotional responses to external stimuli.
(B) They help in maintaining personal unity and avoiding disruptions to one’s self-image.
(C) They are related to economic gain.
(D) They promote sociability and community behavior.
19. Which of the following is a key element of Pareto’s theory of "circulation of elites"?
(A) Social mobility is always limited to the elite class.
(B) Elite class members always maintain control over societal resources.
(C) The transition of power between elites and non-elites is inevitable and dynamic.
(D) Elites only maintain power by force and violence.
20. According to Pareto, which of the following is an example of a "derivation"?
(A) Justifying one’s actions with philosophical reasoning
(B) Making decisions based on logical economic analysis
(C) Rationalizing a non-logical action to fit societal norms
(D) Acting in accordance with personal instincts
21. What is the nature of "residues of sexuality" according to Pareto?
(A) They are simple and easily explained.
(B) They are complex and influenced by social taboos.
(C) They are purely biological impulses without any social influence.
(D) They have no significant impact on social behavior.
22. What is the main function of the "residues of combination" in Pareto’s theory?
(A) To maintain social order
(B) To combine like elements and create new ideas or systems
(C) To ensure the persistence of traditional values
(D) To control economic transactions
23. In Pareto’s theory, what is a key feature of a "governing elite"?
(A) They are directly involved in the administration and control of resources.
(B) They are always elected through democratic processes.
(C) They have no influence over societal policies.
(D) They are typically intellectuals who provide only guidance, not control.
24. According to Pareto, how do "derivations" influence societal stability?
(A) Derivations directly lead to societal change.
(B) They stabilize society by providing justifications for irrational actions.
(C) They weaken societal norms by promoting illogical reasoning.
(D) Derivations have no significant effect on societal stability.
25. What does Pareto consider the primary motivator behind human actions?
(A) Rationality
(B) Residues
(C) Social norms
(D) Economic interests
26. In Pareto's theory, what happens when the governing elite becomes detached from the masses?
(A) The elite's power grows stronger.
(B) The governing elite risks losing their authority and control over society.
(C) Society becomes more stable.
(D) The masses become entirely submissive to the elite.
27. According to Pareto, what role do "residues of sociability" play in society?
(A) They help in maintaining the physical health of individuals.
(B) They promote social unity and cooperation.
(C) They discourage individualism.
(D) They provide economic benefits to the elite.
28. Which of the following is NOT part of the "residues of combination" according to Pareto?
(A) Intellectual curiosity
(B) Ability to synthesize information
(C) Desire for social status
(D) Creation of myths and legends
29. How does Pareto define "social equilibrium" in his theory?
(A) A state where social conflicts are permanently resolved.
(B) A dynamic balance maintained through constant elite circulation and the influence of residues.
(C) A stable condition that results in the elimination of elite power.
(D) A fixed and static societal state.
30. What does Pareto's concept of "derivations" help explain in human behavior?
(A) The way people follow logical and rational thought.
(B) The irrational actions people take, backed by justifications.
(C) The economic decisions made by individuals.
(D) The way people form intellectual curiosity.
31. According to Pareto, which of the following is an example of the "residues of sexuality"?
(A) Social norms that regulate sexual behavior.
(B) Intellectual discussions about human sexuality.
(C) Economic transactions based on sexual attraction.
(D) None of the above.
32. What does Pareto argue about the permanence of elite classes in society?
(A) The elite class is permanent and never changes.
(B) Elite classes change, but they always remain in power.
(C) Elite classes are subject to change and eventual replacement through the circulation process.
(D) Elite classes fade over time without ever being replaced.
33. According to Pareto, which of the following is an essential component of the "residues of persistence of aggregates"?
(A) The need to maintain long-standing political traditions.
(B) The intellectual curiosity to explore new ideas.
(C) The desire to increase personal wealth.
(D) The drive to form new social relationships.
34. What happens in a society when elite circulation slows down, according to Pareto?
(A) The elite class becomes more powerful.
(B) Social stability is strengthened.
(C) Social instability rises, potentially leading to revolution.
(D) The elite class becomes more democratic and accountable.
35. What is the primary motivation behind actions described by Pareto's "derivations"?
(A) The desire to conform to societal expectations.
(B) The logical reasoning behind every action.
(C) The emotional need for justification of irrational behaviors.
(D) The individual’s pursuit of personal wealth.
36. What is the function of "residues of integrity of personality" in Pareto's theory?
(A) They drive people to maintain their self-image and personal unity.
(B) They help individuals to disregard societal norms.
(C) They foster emotional dependency on others.
(D) They promote the formation of social institutions.
37. According to Pareto, what is the role of "assertions" in derivations?
(A) They express direct, logical reasoning behind actions.
(B) They provide justification for non-logical behavior with emotional emphasis.
(C) They involve intellectual debates to explain actions.
(D) They relate to the rational economic interests of individuals.
38. Which of the following best describes the "residues of combination" in Pareto's theory?
(A) They are primarily focused on human intellectual curiosity and creativity.
(B) They relate to the regulation of sexual behavior.
(C) They explain social conformity and group cohesion.
(D) They represent economic forces in society.
39. What is Pareto’s view on the permanence of social structures?
(A) Social structures are always permanent and unchanging.
(B) Social structures evolve over time due to elite circulation and residue influence.
(C) Social structures are irrelevant to elite behavior.
(D) Social structures collapse immediately when elite power is challenged.
40. How does Pareto define "social change" in his theory?
(A) As a constant process of economic development.
(B) As the result of the slow accumulation of small actions.
(C) As the circulation of elites and the replacement of ruling classes.
(D) As the result of direct social revolutions.
41. Which of the following is NOT one of the forms of derivations in Pareto’s theory?
(A) Assertions
(B) Authority
(C) Verbal proof
(D) Emotional display
42. What is the relationship between "residues" and "derivations" in Pareto's theory?
(A) Residues explain rational actions, while derivations explain irrational actions.
(B) Residues are the justifications for irrational behaviors, while derivations influence social norms.
(C) Derivations are based on emotional impulses, while residues are purely logical.
(D) Residues and derivations are unrelated concepts.
43. Which type of residue involves the creation of myths and legends?
(A) Residues of sociability
(B) Residues of combination
(C) Residues of persistence of aggregates
(D) Residues of sexuality
44. What does Pareto suggest about the behavior of elites in times of social crisis?
(A) Elites will always maintain control regardless of social conditions.
(B) Elites must adapt or risk losing their power as new elites emerge.
(C) Elites become more isolated and less effective during a crisis.
(D) Elites will collapse without external intervention.
45. What is the relationship between "residues" and social stability according to Pareto?
(A) Residues create instability by fostering irrational behaviors.
(B) Residues help maintain social stability by guiding human actions in a non-logical but stable way.
(C) Residues have no impact on social stability.
(D) Residues only promote individual stability, not societal stability.
46. According to Pareto, what happens when elite circulation becomes stagnant?
(A) Society becomes more democratic.
(B) Social stability increases and everyone remains content.
(C) Social instability increases, and revolutions are more likely.
(D) Elite power consolidates and strengthens.
47. How does Pareto describe the relationship between instincts and residues?
(A) Residues are identical to instincts.
(B) Residues are a manifestation of instincts but are not the same.
(C) Residues suppress instincts.
(D) Residues are unrelated to instincts.
48. According to Pareto, what drives the intellectual development of humans?
(A) Rational thought alone.
(B) The ability to combine ideas and create new concepts (residues of combination).
(C) Economic needs and desires.
(D) The drive for individual survival.
49. What is the role of "residues of persistence of aggregates" in Pareto's theory?
(A) They represent the desire for new social structures.
(B) They are responsible for maintaining existing social relationships and institutions.
(C) They are related to the creation of new political systems.
(D) They reflect the individual’s pursuit of personal wealth.
50. How does Pareto define the role of ideologies in his theory?
(A) Ideologies are rational and logical systems that explain society.
(B) Ideologies are derived from residues and serve as justifications for irrational behaviors.
(C) Ideologies create a completely stable society.
(D) Ideologies are irrelevant to social change.
51. What does Pareto suggest about the evolution of social systems?
(A) Social systems remain the same for long periods.
(B) Social systems change constantly due to the dynamics of elite circulation.
(C) Social systems only change during times of economic crisis.
(D) Social systems only evolve through forceful revolutions.
52. How do derivations function in Pareto’s theory of social behavior?
(A) They represent the purely rational aspects of behavior.
(B) They provide emotional or social justifications for non-logical behavior.
(C) They eliminate irrational behaviors from society.
(D) They serve as the foundation for logical decision-making.
53. What does Pareto mean by the term "circulation of elites"?
(A) The unchanging dominance of the elite class.
(B) The process by which non-elites can rise to elite status and vice versa.
(C) The elimination of the elite class in favor of a new, democratic system.
(D) The continual increase in elite power over time.
54. How does Pareto’s theory explain revolutions?
(A) Revolutions occur only due to economic crises.
(B) Revolutions are the result of the breakdown in the circulation of elites.
(C) Revolutions occur when elites become too powerful.
(D) Revolutions are a natural part of social evolution and happen periodically.
55. What are "residues of sexual urges" according to Pareto?
(A) They influence attitudes toward sexuality and are complex due to social taboos.
(B) They are purely biological instincts without any societal influence.
(C) They drive economic decisions related to sexuality.
(D) They are the least important in Pareto’s theory of residues.
56. What does Pareto argue about the connection between "residues of persistence of aggregates" and social traditions?
(A) These residues promote the creation of new social traditions.
(B) These residues maintain and preserve existing social relationships and traditions.
(C) These residues dissolve social traditions over time.
(D) These residues are unrelated to social traditions.
57. According to Pareto, what happens when new elites replace the old elites in a society?
(A) Social systems become less stable.
(B) There is a temporary breakdown of order, followed by social renewal.
(C) There is a permanent loss of power for the old elite class.
(D) The new elite class becomes more powerful than ever.
58. Which of the following best describes the "residues of sociability" in Pareto’s theory?
(A) They promote social cohesion by fostering communal living and conformity.
(B) They are purely individualistic and unrelated to social groups.
(C) They are responsible for economic transactions between individuals.
(D) They are linked to intellectual pursuits and curiosity.
59. What does Pareto mean by "assertions" as part of his derivation theory?
(A) Logical arguments that explain why a certain action is justified.
(B) Emotional justifications that defend irrational actions.
(C) The recognition of social norms.
(D) The physical demonstration of power.
60. What is the function of "residues of combination" in the intellectual development of humans?
(A) They create new ideas by combining existing concepts.
(B) They support the maintenance of existing ideas.
(C) They are responsible for emotional behavior.
(D) They prevent the formation of new ideas.
61. According to Pareto, what is the significance of "residues of sexuality" in social behavior?
(A) They are irrelevant to social structure.
(B) They significantly shape social relationships through emotional and social norms.
(C) They only relate to personal desires, not social norms.
(D) They influence political decisions directly.
62. What is the main effect of "derivations" in Pareto's theory?
(A) They directly control economic decisions.
(B) They provide rationalizations for non-logical actions.
(C) They eliminate social conflict.
(D) They promote intellectual exploration and discovery.
63. What does Pareto argue about the role of ideologies in a society?
(A) They are always based on rational logic.
(B) They reflect the moral standards of the elite class.
(C) They justify irrational behaviors and maintain social order.
(D) They lead to the collapse of social systems.
64. How does Pareto explain the process of elite replacement in societies?
(A) Elite replacement is a result of democratic elections.
(B) Elite replacement happens through social revolutions that overthrow the existing elite.
(C) Elites are replaced through a continuous and gradual process of elite circulation.
(D) Elites are replaced only when economic systems collapse.
65. In Pareto's theory, what is the primary cause of social change?
(A) The redistribution of wealth.
(B) The rise and fall of elites and the circulation of power.
(C) Technological advancements.
(D) The dissolution of political institutions.
66. According to Pareto, what is the significance of "assertions" in the justification of irrational actions?
(A) They provide evidence of the rationality behind non-logical actions.
(B) They involve the use of authority to justify social norms.
(C) They serve as emotional justifications for actions that lack logical reasoning.
(D) They directly control the behavior of elites.
67. What is the role of "residues of sociability" in the cohesion of society according to Pareto?
(A) They promote individualism and self-reliance.
(B) They encourage collective cooperation and social uniformity.
(C) They promote competition and individual success.
(D) They discourage conformity and promote personal freedom.
68. In Pareto's theory, how are "residues of combination" related to human intellectual activity?
(A) They limit intellectual exploration and creativity.
(B) They drive the intellectual curiosity and the synthesis of new ideas.
(C) They solely focus on intellectual debates and discussions.
(D) They discourage new intellectual developments and maintain existing knowledge.
69. What is the main argument behind Pareto's theory of "elite circulation"?
(A) Elites are permanent and remain in power indefinitely.
(B) Elites circulate, and new elites replace the old ones over time.
(C) Elites are overthrown only in times of economic crisis.
(D) Elite power is unaffected by social change.
70. According to Pareto, what happens when the elite class becomes too disconnected from the masses?
(A) The elite class maintains its control and power.
(B) The elite class loses its authority, leading to social instability and potential revolution.
(C) The elite class becomes more powerful and resistant to change.
(D) The elite class focuses on economic issues and disregards political power.
71. Which of the following is an example of "derivations" in Pareto's theory?
(A) People justify their irrational behavior based on social norms.
(B) People engage in purely rational decision-making processes.
(C) People ignore social expectations and act based on personal instincts.
(D) People act solely based on economic interests.
72. How does Pareto view the relationship between instincts and human behavior?
(A) Instincts are the only motivators of human behavior.
(B) Instincts shape behavior, but residues influence the expression of these instincts.
(C) Human behavior is purely instinctual and unaffected by social factors.
(D) Human behavior is entirely rational and logical.
73. What role does "elite circulation" play in maintaining social equilibrium in Pareto's theory?
(A) It ensures that the ruling class remains unchanged, creating stability.
(B) It allows for the infusion of new ideas and leaders, ensuring that social systems evolve and remain balanced.
(C) It has no impact on social equilibrium.
(D) It promotes a classless society.
74. What does Pareto believe about the permanence of elite power?
(A) Elite power is fixed and cannot change.
(B) Elite power is subject to change, and new elites can replace old ones over time.
(C) Elite power is always passed down through heredity.
(D) Elite power is independent of social changes.
75. According to Pareto, which of the following is an example of a "residue of persistence of aggregates"?
(A) The desire to accumulate wealth at any cost.
(B) The persistence of family structures and social traditions.
(C) The intellectual curiosity to create new ideas.
(D) The drive to maintain personal autonomy.
76. In Pareto's theory, what does "derivations of authority" refer to?
(A) The use of intellectual reasoning to justify actions.
(B) The acceptance of certain ideas or actions as valid because they come from an authoritative figure or institution.
(C) The imposition of power through force.
(D) The justification of irrational behaviors through social norms.
77. What is the key function of "residues of persistence of aggregates" in Pareto's theory?
(A) They are responsible for the creation of new political systems.
(B) They maintain and reinforce established social relationships and institutions.
(C) They prevent the formation of new ideas and innovation.
(D) They drive individuals to seek personal wealth.
78. According to Pareto, which of the following is an example of "residues of sociability"?
(A) The drive to accumulate material wealth.
(B) The tendency to form and maintain social relationships and communities.
(C) The intellectual desire to create new systems of thought.
(D) The desire to act independently and assert personal freedom.
79. What does Pareto's theory suggest about the role of ideologies in justifying social order?
(A) Ideologies are rational and based on the logical principles of fairness.
(B) Ideologies serve to justify the irrational actions of individuals and groups.
(C) Ideologies are purely intellectual and have no social impact.
(D) Ideologies promote social equality and fairness.
80. What is the relationship between "residues of combination" and cultural development in Pareto’s theory?
(A) Residues of combination inhibit the development of new cultural ideas.
(B) They play a role in intellectual and cultural development by synthesizing ideas and creating new ones.
(C) They promote the preservation of existing cultural traditions.
(D) They are irrelevant to cultural development.
81. According to Pareto, how do "residues of sexuality" affect social behavior?
(A) They have no significant influence on social behavior.
(B) They are solely driven by individual desires without any social constraints.
(C) They influence social behavior by shaping attitudes toward sex, relationships, and societal norms.
(D) They directly govern economic decisions in society.
82. How does Pareto define "derivations of authority" in relation to social behavior?
(A) As justifications that are purely intellectual.
(B) As rationalizations used to defend behaviors, regardless of their logical basis, by appealing to authority.
(C) As actions that are based on personal experiences and emotions.
(D) As actions taken without any regard to societal norms.
83. What is Pareto’s view on the persistence of elites in society?
(A) Elites remain in power permanently due to their superior intellect.
(B) Elites can only maintain power by controlling economic resources.
(C) Elites rise and fall, and their continued dominance depends on the circulation of elites.
(D) Elites are always replaced by revolutionary movements.
84. What happens when "elite circulation" slows down in a society, according to Pareto?
(A) The elite class strengthens its control.
(B) The stability of the social system increases.
(C) The society becomes more egalitarian.
(D) Social instability increases, potentially leading to revolution.
85. According to Pareto, which of the following is an example of the "residues of persistence of aggregates" in social behavior?
(A) The desire to explore and create new political systems.
(B) The drive to maintain established social and family structures over generations.
(C) The desire for personal wealth accumulation.
(D) The pursuit of individual success and independence.
86. What does Pareto suggest about the role of "derivations" in maintaining social order?
(A) Derivations serve to justify irrational or non-logical actions, which helps maintain the status quo.
(B) Derivations completely eliminate irrational behaviors in society.
(C) Derivations encourage intellectual thought and challenge existing norms.
(D) Derivations promote immediate and drastic social changes.
87. What happens when "derivations of authority" are widely accepted in a society?
(A) People begin to act according to their instincts without societal restrictions.
(B) Actions are justified even if they are not logically rational, because they come from an authoritative source.
(C) Authority figures lose their power over time.
(D) Social order collapses, leading to chaos.
88. What is the role of "residues of integrity of personality" in Pareto's theory?
(A) They create a desire for personal wealth.
(B) They drive individuals to preserve their self-image and maintain emotional stability.
(C) They encourage the pursuit of intellectual knowledge and curiosity.
(D) They promote social cooperation and conformity.
89. According to Pareto, how does "elite circulation" contribute to social stability?
(A) By reinforcing existing power structures without any change.
(B) By ensuring that only the most intellectually capable people hold power.
(C) By allowing for the periodic replacement of elites, thus preventing stagnation and social unrest.
(D) By removing all political conflicts and consolidating power in one group.
90. In Pareto’s theory, what happens when elite circulation ceases to occur?
(A) The elites maintain control indefinitely, and society becomes more rigid.
(B) The society becomes more democratic and equitable.
(C) Social instability rises, and revolutions become more likely.
(D) The ruling class is replaced by a more educated and capable elite.
91. What role do "derivations of power" play in Pareto's theory?
(A) They directly control the economic systems in society.
(B) They help justify actions by appealing to social norms and authoritative figures, even if the actions are irrational.
(C) They promote personal autonomy and independence from societal norms.
(D) They eliminate the influence of elites in societal governance.
92. According to Pareto, which of the following best describes the "residues of combination" in human behavior?
(A) The drive to maintain existing traditions and social structures.
(B) The intellectual capacity to combine different ideas and create new concepts or systems.
(C) The ability to follow societal norms without questioning them.
(D) The emotional desire to form new personal relationships.
93. What does Pareto mean by the term "elite" in his theory of elite circulation?
(A) The group of people who are economically successful.
(B) The individuals who hold political, social, or economic power and influence in society.
(C) The intellectuals who create new ideologies.
(D) The masses who follow the decisions of the elite.
94. How does Pareto explain the rise of new elites in a society?
(A) New elites rise through social revolutions that overthrow the old ruling class.
(B) New elites emerge through elite circulation, often as a result of changes in social, political, or economic conditions.
(C) New elites only arise when a society undergoes economic crises.
(D) New elites emerge only through democratic elections.
95. What happens to social behavior when there is a breakdown in the circulation of elites?
(A) Social systems become more stable and predictable.
(B) New leaders take charge without any social conflict.
(C) Social instability increases, leading to greater conflicts and social unrest.
(D) Social mobility is completely eliminated.
96. What does Pareto mean by "residues of persistence of aggregates" in the context of societal behaviors?
(A) The need for individuals to create new social bonds.
(B) The drive to preserve long-standing social relationships, traditions, and institutions.
(C) The natural tendency to seek wealth and power.
(D) The avoidance of intellectual challenges.
97. In Pareto's theory, how are "derivations of verbal proof" used by individuals?
(A) To provide logical and rational explanations for their actions.
(B) To justify actions that lack rational or logical reasoning, often using false reasoning or sophistry.
(C) To prove the validity of intellectual ideas and theories.
(D) To argue against social norms and expectations.
98. What role do "residues of integrity of personality" play in Pareto's theory?
(A) They promote social equality and fairness.
(B) They help individuals preserve their personal identity and emotional stability, preventing disruptions to their self-image.
(C) They encourage individuals to follow intellectual reasoning.
(D) They contribute to the formation of new ideologies.
99. What does Pareto suggest about the impact of elite circulation on the stability of political systems?
(A) Elite circulation weakens political systems and leads to frequent revolutions.
(B) Political systems become more stable as the same elites retain power.
(C) Elite circulation ensures that political systems evolve and remain stable by introducing new leadership.
(D) Political systems are unaffected by elite circulation.
100. According to Pareto, what happens when social equilibrium is disrupted due to the lack of elite circulation?
(A) Social equilibrium is maintained as elites continue to rule without challenge.
(B) Social instability increases, leading to the rise of new elites and potential revolutions.
(C) Social equilibrium becomes permanent and unchanging.
(D) Social equilibrium improves and societal conflicts are minimized.
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