STPGT-Sociology_Karl Marx: Class and Class Struggle

Model MCQ's Karl Marx

Karl Marx: Class and Class Struggle

1. According to Karl Marx, the base of a society consists of:

(A) Cultural institutions

(B) The economic foundation, including the means and relations of production

(D) The legal system

(B) The economic foundation, including the means and relations of production

Explanation: Marx argued that the base of a society comprises its economic foundation, which includes the means of production (tools, land, resources) and the relations of production (how people interact in the process of producing goods).

2. Marx's theory of class struggle primarily focuses on the conflict between:

(A) The ruling class and the middle class

(B) The workers and the ruling class

(D) The capitalist class and the state

Explanation: Marx's class struggle theory centers on the conflict between the working class (proletariat) and the capitalist class (bourgeoisie), driven by economic interests.

3. According to Marx, the relations of production are best described as:

(A) The social roles within society

(B) How people relate to each other in the production of goods

(D) The division of labor in a capitalist society

(B) How people relate to each other in the production of goods

Explanation: Marx saw the relations of production as the way in which people relate to each other in the process of producing material goods, including ownership and control over production.

4. What is the term Marx used to describe the social class that owns the means of production?

(A) Proletariat

(B) Bourgeoisie

(D) Working class

(B) Bourgeoisie

Explanation: The bourgeoisie refers to the capitalist class who own and control the means of production in a capitalist society.

5. The term 'proletariat' refers to:

(A) The owners of capital

(B) The working class, especially those who do not own the means of production

(D) The political class

(B) The working class, especially those who do not own the means of production

Explanation: The proletariat refers to the working class, particularly those who do not own property or the means of production and must sell their labor to survive.

6. According to Marx, the state serves the interests of:

(A) The proletariat

(B) The bourgeoisie

(D) The working class

(B) The bourgeoisie

Explanation: Marx argued that the state functions to maintain the power of the ruling capitalist class (the bourgeoisie) and to suppress the working class (proletariat).

7. What does Marx mean by 'surplus value'?

(A) The value produced by workers over and above what they are paid

(B) The income from interest on capital

(D) The cost of labor used in production

(A) The value produced by workers over and above what they are paid

Explanation: Surplus value refers to the value produced by labor that is not paid to workers but instead taken as profit by capitalists (the owners of the means of production).

8. Marx believed that capitalism would eventually be replaced by:

(A) Feudalism

(B) Socialism

(D) Dictatorship of the proletariat

(B) Socialism

Explanation: Marx predicted that capitalism would eventually lead to its own destruction, with the proletariat overthrowing the bourgeoisie, leading to socialism and eventually communism.

9. According to Marx, which of the following is a feature of capitalist societies?

(A) A classless society

(B) Private ownership of the means of production

(D) Equality of wealth distribution

(B) Private ownership of the means of production

Explanation: In capitalist societies, the means of production (factories, land, etc.) are privately owned by the bourgeoisie, leading to class conflict.

10. The term 'alienation' in Marx's theory refers to:

(A) The separation of individuals from the means of production

(B) Workers’ separation from their fellow workers

(D) The detachment of workers from the product of their labor

Explanation: Alienation in Marx’s theory refers to the process whereby workers become disconnected from the product of their labor, the process of production, and their own human potential.

11. In Marx’s view, which class has the potential to overthrow capitalism?

(A) The bourgeoisie

(B) The proletariat

(D) The aristocracy

(B) The proletariat

Explanation: Marx believed that the proletariat, as the exploited class, had the revolutionary potential to overthrow capitalism and establish socialism.

12. According to Marx, the division of labor in capitalist societies leads to:

(A) Worker empowerment

(B) The specialization of tasks

(D) The alienation of workers

Explanation: Marx argued that the division of labor under capitalism alienates workers by making their work repetitive, dehumanizing, and disconnected from the finished product.

13. Marx's concept of historical materialism asserts that:

(A) Ideas shape society

(B) The economic base determines the superstructure

(D) Political leaders determine the course of history

(B) The economic base determines the superstructure

Explanation: Historical materialism is Marx's theory that the economic structure (the base) shapes all other aspects of society, including politics, law, and ideology (the superstructure).

14. In Marxist theory, what role does ideology play?

(A) It serves to maintain the status quo

(B) It is a tool of the proletariat for liberation

(D) It helps to advance the interests of the bourgeoisie

Explanation: Marx argued that ideology is used by the ruling class (bourgeoisie) to legitimize their power and control, often obscuring the exploitation of the working class.

15. Marx’s concept of the 'means of production' refers to:

(A) The raw materials used in production

(B) The technology used for producing goods

(D) The political institutions governing production

Explanation: The means of production include the physical tools, machines, and infrastructure used to produce goods and services in society.

16. According to Marx, what happens during a class struggle?

(A) The rich become richer

(B) Class tensions are resolved peacefully

(D) The working class adapts to its exploitation

Explanation: Marx believed that class struggle would eventually lead to the overthrow of the capitalist class (bourgeoisie) by the working class (proletariat).

17. Marx's theory of class is based on the relationship of individuals to:

(A) The political system

(B) The state apparatus

(D) Ideology

Explanation: Marx's theory of class is based on the relationship individuals have to the means of production, i.e., whether they own it or sell their labor to others who own it.

18. Which of the following did Marx argue was the ultimate cause of societal conflict?

(A) Religious differences

(B) Political disagreements

(D) Cultural shifts

Explanation: Marx believed that economic inequality, especially the exploitation of the working class by the capitalist class, was the primary source of societal conflict.

19. What is the goal of Marxist revolution?

(A) To create a socialist state

(B) To overthrow capitalism and establish a classless society

(D) To return to a feudal economic system

(B) To overthrow capitalism and establish a classless society

Explanation: The ultimate goal of Marxist revolution is to abolish capitalism and class distinctions, resulting in a classless, stateless society.

20. In Marx's theory, what leads to the alienation of workers?

(A) The division of labor

(B) The capitalist's exploitation of workers

(D) All of the above

Explanation: Marx believed that alienation resulted from the capitalist system, where the division of labor, exploitation, and lack of personal fulfillment in work led to the worker's disconnection from the product, the process, and themselves.

21. According to Marx, the primary function of ideology is to:

(A) Encourage revolutionary change

(B) Promote class consciousness

(D) Create a classless society

Explanation: Marx argued that ideology serves to legitimize the interests of the ruling class, obscuring the exploitation of the proletariat and preventing revolutionary consciousness.

22. In Marx's view, the transition from feudalism to capitalism was characterized by:

(A) The peaceful evolution of social relations

(B) A dramatic shift in the ownership of the means of production

(D) The abolishment of class distinctions

(B) A dramatic shift in the ownership of the means of production

Explanation: The transition from feudalism to capitalism was marked by a shift in the control of the means of production from feudal landowners to capitalist business owners.

23. What did Marx mean by the term 'commodity fetishism'?

(A) The importance of commodities in a capitalist economy

(B) The tendency of workers to focus on the production process

(D) The fetishization of labor in the production process

Explanation: Marx used the term 'commodity fetishism' to describe how, in capitalism, social relations between individuals are masked by the relationships between commodities, which are treated as if they have intrinsic value.

24. In Marx’s analysis, which of the following is the main source of wealth in capitalist societies?

(A) Natural resources

(B) Capital investment

(D) Intellectual property

Explanation: According to Marx, labor power, or the ability of workers to create value through their work, is the primary source of wealth in capitalist economies.

25. Which of the following best describes Marx’s concept of the 'superstructure'?

(A) The physical infrastructure of a society

(B) The legal and political systems that arise from the economic base

(D) The technological tools used by capitalists

(B) The legal and political systems that arise from the economic base

Explanation: In Marxist theory, the superstructure consists of all non-economic institutions, such as politics, law, and religion, which are shaped by the underlying economic base (the means and relations of production).

26. What did Marx mean by the term 'class consciousness'?

(A) Awareness of one's social status

(B) A revolutionary awareness of the oppression faced by one’s class

(D) The recognition of different class structures within society

(B) A revolutionary awareness of the oppression faced by one’s class

Explanation: Class consciousness refers to the awareness by the proletariat of their exploitation under capitalism, and the realization that they must overthrow the capitalist system.

27. According to Marx, the primary role of the state in capitalist societies is to:

(A) Ensure social justice

(B) Represent the interests of the working class

(D) Regulate economic markets

Explanation: Marx argued that the state in capitalist societies primarily functions to preserve the power and interests of the capitalist class, rather than serving the needs of the working class.

28. Marx believed that the transition to socialism would occur as a result of:

(A) A gradual change in the economic system

(B) A revolution led by the proletariat

(D) Increased wealth and economic equality

(B) A revolution led by the proletariat

Explanation: Marx believed that a revolution, led by the proletariat, would overthrow the capitalist system and establish socialism, a classless society.

29. According to Marx, the primary contradiction within capitalism is between:

(A) The bourgeoisie and the state

(B) The bourgeoisie and the proletariat

(D) The capitalist state and the capitalist economy

(B) The bourgeoisie and the proletariat

Explanation: Marx argued that the fundamental contradiction in capitalism lies between the bourgeoisie (the owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (the working class), who are exploited by the former.

30. In Marxist theory, the process of 'primitive accumulation' refers to:

(A) The accumulation of capital through investment

(B) The transition from feudalism to capitalism

(D) The process of acquiring wealth through violent means

(B) The transition from feudalism to capitalism

Explanation: Primitive accumulation refers to the historical process by which capitalist economies emerged, often involving the violent separation of peasants from their land and the establishment of private property.

31. Marx believed that under capitalism, workers were alienated because:

(A) They did not have personal freedom

(B) They did not control the means of production

(D) They were exploited for their labor

(B) They did not control the means of production

Explanation: Marx argued that workers are alienated under capitalism because they do not control the means of production and are thus separated from the products of their labor, their work, and their fellow workers.

32. Marx’s theory of surplus value explains that profit comes from:

(A) The work of capitalists

(B) The unpaid labor of workers

(D) The circulation of commodities

(B) The unpaid labor of workers

Explanation: Marx’s theory of surplus value argues that capitalists generate profit by paying workers less than the value they produce, thereby extracting surplus value from their unpaid labor.

33. What is the key difference between socialism and communism according to Marx?

(A) Socialism is a transitional phase before communism

(B) Socialism includes private property

(D) Socialism is classless, communism is not

(A) Socialism is a transitional phase before communism

Explanation: Marx viewed socialism as a transitional stage that would eventually evolve into communism, a classless society where the state would wither away.

34. What does Marx mean by 'the dictatorship of the proletariat'?

(A) The rule of the working class through the state

(B) The establishment of a capitalist government

(D) The democratic control of the economy by the people

(A) The rule of the working class through the state

Explanation: Marx described the dictatorship of the proletariat as the period in which the working class uses state power to suppress the bourgeoisie and transform society towards socialism and eventually communism.

35. According to Marx, the only way to abolish class distinctions is through:

(A) Reforms within capitalism

(B) A revolution

(D) Government intervention

(B) A revolution

Explanation: Marx believed that the only way to abolish class distinctions and achieve a classless society was through a revolution led by the proletariat, overthrowing the capitalist system.

36. According to Marx, the primary contradiction within capitalism arises from:

(A) The unequal distribution of wealth

(B) The exploitation of labor by capitalists

(D) The development of technology

(B) The exploitation of labor by capitalists

Explanation: Marx identified the primary contradiction in capitalism as the exploitation of workers (proletariat) by the capitalists (bourgeoisie), which he believed would eventually lead to the collapse of capitalism.

37. In Marx’s theory, 'alienation' refers to:

(A) The loss of political power by workers

(B) The separation of workers from the product of their labor

(D) The alienation of the bourgeoisie from the state

(B) The separation of workers from the product of their labor

Explanation: Marx used the term 'alienation' to describe how workers are disconnected from the products of their labor, the process of production, and each other in capitalist society.

38. Marx argued that religion in capitalist societies functions as:

(A) A source of social rebellion

(B) A tool of class oppression

(D) A means of economic control

(B) A tool of class oppression

Explanation: Marx famously referred to religion as the "opium of the people," arguing that it functioned to distract the proletariat from their material conditions and to justify the oppression of the ruling class.

39. According to Marx, the ultimate cause of social change is:

(A) Technological development

(B) The development of human consciousness

(D) Political revolutions

Explanation: Marx believed that economic changes, particularly changes in the mode of production, are the primary drivers of social change. These changes alter the class structure and relations of production, leading to shifts in society.

40. Marx's theory of history is often referred to as:

(A) Dialectical materialism

(B) Historical idealism

(D) Historical materialism

Explanation: Historical materialism is Marx’s theory that material conditions (the way people produce goods) shape society’s structure and development, rather than ideas or culture.

41. According to Marx, the process of capitalism’s downfall will be initiated by:

(A) The revolution of the bourgeoisie

(B) The increasing inequality between the classes

(D) The disappearance of the proletariat

(B) The increasing inequality between the classes

Explanation: Marx predicted that the contradictions within capitalism, particularly the growing inequality and exploitation of the proletariat, would lead to the collapse of capitalism and the rise of socialism.

42. Marx’s notion of class struggle is most clearly expressed in which of his works?

(A) The German Ideology

(B) Capital

(D) Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844

Explanation: The Communist Manifesto, co-written by Marx and Engels, is a key text in which Marx articulates the idea of class struggle and the revolutionary role of the proletariat in overthrowing capitalism.

43. According to Marx, the capitalist system is characterized by:

(A) A cooperative relationship between workers and owners

(B) The concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the state

(D) The democratic control of production

Explanation: Marx believed that capitalism is based on the exploitation of the working class (proletariat) by the owning class (bourgeoisie), who extract surplus value from the workers' labor.

44. According to Marx, the proletariat can achieve liberation through:

(A) Reforms within the existing capitalist system

(B) The overthrow of the capitalist system through revolution

(D) Cooperation with the bourgeoisie

(B) The overthrow of the capitalist system through revolution

Explanation: Marx argued that the proletariat would need to overthrow the capitalist system through revolution in order to end their exploitation and establish a classless, communist society.

45. Marx's analysis of capitalism includes a critique of:

(A) The use of government power

(B) The division of labor and specialization

(D) The economic system of feudalism

(B) The division of labor and specialization

Explanation: Marx critiqued the division of labor in capitalism, arguing that it alienates workers from the product of their labor, reduces their work to repetitive tasks, and diminishes their human potential.

46. According to Marx, capitalism ultimately creates:

(A) A classless society

(B) A stable and just system

(D) Equal distribution of resources

Explanation: Marx believed that capitalism leads to the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the bourgeoisie, while the proletariat remains oppressed and exploited.

47. Marx’s theory of class consciousness argues that the proletariat’s struggle for liberation requires:

(A) The education of the bourgeoisie

(B) The creation of a new political party

(D) Collaboration with the capitalist state

Explanation: Marx argued that the proletariat must become class conscious, recognizing their shared exploitation under capitalism, in order to unite and overthrow the bourgeoisie.

48. In Marx’s view, the industrial revolution was important because it:

(A) Led to the creation of a working class

(B) Ended feudalism

(D) Promoted equality between social classes

(A) Led to the creation of a working class

Explanation: The industrial revolution created a large, urban working class (proletariat) who became the focus of Marx's theory of exploitation and class struggle.

49. Marx's concept of 'commodity fetishism' illustrates how:

(A) Workers are alienated from their labor

(B) Commodities are imbued with social power

(D) The state controls the economy

(B) Commodities are imbued with social power

Explanation: 'Commodity fetishism' refers to the way in which commodities in capitalist society are given social power and significance, obscuring the real social relations of production behind them.

50. According to Marx, the primary driving force of historical development is:

(A) Ideology

(B) Religion

(D) Political revolutions

Explanation: Marx believed that class struggle is the primary driver of historical development, as it leads to changes in the mode of production and societal transformation.

51. According to Marx, the transition from capitalism to socialism will occur through:

(A) A peaceful reform process

(B) A violent revolution

(D) The gradual accumulation of wealth by the proletariat

(B) A violent revolution

Explanation: Marx believed that a revolution, led by the proletariat, was necessary to overthrow the capitalist system and establish socialism.

52. What is the key characteristic of a socialist society, according to Marx?

(A) The abolition of private property

(B) A strong central government

(D) The existence of multiple competing classes

(A) The abolition of private property

Explanation: Marx argued that socialism involves the abolition of private property, particularly the means of production, and the establishment of common ownership to eliminate class distinctions.

53. Marx argued that under capitalism, the workers’ labor is:

(A) The source of their freedom

(B) Exploited by the capitalists

(D) A means of self-actualization

(B) Exploited by the capitalists

Explanation: Marx believed that workers were exploited under capitalism because they were paid less than the value of the goods they produced, with the surplus value being taken by the capitalists.

54. According to Marx, the capitalist system is fundamentally:

(A) Democratic

(B) Fair and just

(D) Based on voluntary cooperation

Explanation: Marx argued that capitalism is exploitative because it relies on the oppression of the working class, with wealth and power concentrated in the hands of the capitalist class.

55. The proletariat's primary role in Marx's theory is to:

(A) Control the means of production

(B) Organize the government

(D) Create new forms of production

Explanation: Marx believed that the proletariat’s main task is to overthrow the bourgeoisie through revolution, abolishing capitalism and leading to the establishment of a classless society.

56. Marx’s theory of alienation involves the idea that workers are:

(A) Empowered through their labor

(B) Disconnected from their humanity and the products of their labor

(D) Free from exploitation

(B) Disconnected from their humanity and the products of their labor

Explanation: Marx's concept of alienation describes the estrangement workers experience in capitalist societies because they do not control the production process or the products they create.

57. According to Marx, the ruling class maintains its dominance through:

(A) Legal and political institutions

(B) Economic and technological innovation

(D) Creating a false consciousness among the proletariat

Explanation: Marx argued that the ruling class maintains its power by creating a false consciousness among the proletariat, making them unaware of their exploitation and preventing revolutionary action.

58. What is the 'base' in Marx’s theory of society?

(A) The political system

(B) The economic foundation, including the means and relations of production

(D) The legal system

(B) The economic foundation, including the means and relations of production

Explanation: In Marx's theory, the 'base' refers to the economic structure of society, including the means of production (factories, land, technology) and the relations of production (how people relate in the production process).

59. Marx's theory of historical materialism emphasizes the role of:

(A) Ideas and philosophies in shaping history

(B) The material conditions of life and the economy in shaping society

(D) Political leaders in determining historical outcomes

(B) The material conditions of life and the economy in shaping society

Explanation: Historical materialism is the theory that material conditions (e.g., the economy, technology) and the way society organizes production shape social structures and ideas.

60. According to Marx, class struggle is the engine of:

(A) Political stability

(B) Social harmony

(D) Economic growth

Explanation: Marx believed that class struggle is the fundamental force driving historical change, as different classes with conflicting interests battle for control of resources and power.

61. In Marx's view, what role do the means of production play in society?

(A) They determine the political system

(B) They shape the ideological structure of society

(D) They are secondary to cultural institutions

Explanation: For Marx, the means of production form the foundation of all social relations, shaping not just the economy but also the political and ideological superstructure of society.

62. In Marxist theory, 'commodity fetishism' refers to:

(A) The excessive focus on consumer goods

(B) The social power of commodities in capitalist society

(D) The ritualistic use of commodities in society

(B) The social power of commodities in capitalist society

Explanation: 'Commodity fetishism' refers to the way commodities in capitalist societies are imbued with social power, masking the real relationships between people involved in production.

63. Marx's theory of value is based on the idea that the value of a commodity is determined by:

(A) The amount of labor power required to produce it

(B) The level of demand in the market

(D) The amount of capital invested in production

(A) The amount of labor power required to produce it

Explanation: According to Marx's labor theory of value, the value of a commodity is determined by the amount of socially necessary labor time required to produce it.

64. Marx's analysis of capitalism emphasizes that the relationship between the bourgeoisie and proletariat is:

(A) Cooperative and mutually beneficial

(B) Exploitative and unequal

(D) Flexible and negotiable

(B) Exploitative and unequal

Explanation: Marx argued that the relationship between the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (workers) is inherently exploitative, with the bourgeoisie extracting surplus value from the proletariat's labor.

65. In Marxist theory, the end of capitalism is envisioned as:

(A) A peaceful transition to a welfare state

(B) The establishment of a classless, stateless society

(D) The rise of democratic socialism

(B) The establishment of a classless, stateless society

Explanation: Marx envisioned the end of capitalism as the establishment of communism, a classless and stateless society where the means of production are owned collectively by all people.

66. According to Marx, the state in a capitalist society functions primarily to:

(A) Serve the interests of the proletariat

(B) Protect private property and maintain class structure

(D) Control the economy for the benefit of all

(B) Protect private property and maintain class structure

Explanation: Marx believed that the state in capitalist societies functions to protect the interests of the bourgeoisie, particularly by maintaining private property and the existing class structure.

67. According to Marx, the class struggle between the proletariat and bourgeoisie would eventually lead to:

(A) The consolidation of capitalist power

(B) The establishment of a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie

(D) The integration of the working class into capitalist society

Explanation: Marx predicted that the conflict between the proletariat and bourgeoisie would eventually lead to a revolution, where the working class would overthrow the capitalist system and establish socialism.

68. Marx's concept of 'class' is based on:

(A) One's occupation

(B) One's ownership of the means of production

(D) Social and cultural factors

(B) One's ownership of the means of production

Explanation: In Marxist theory, class is determined by one's relationship to the means of production—whether one owns them (bourgeoisie) or must sell their labor (proletariat).

69. The labor theory of value, according to Marx, states that:

(A) The value of a commodity is determined by its usefulness

(B) The value of a commodity is determined by the amount of labor required to produce it

(D) The value of a commodity is based on its scarcity

(B) The value of a commodity is determined by the amount of labor required to produce it

Explanation: Marx’s labor theory of value states that the value of a commodity is determined by the amount of socially necessary labor time required to produce it.

70. Marx's theory of history is often described as:

(A) Idealist

(B) Materialist

(D) Psychological

(B) Materialist

Explanation: Marx's theory of history, known as historical materialism, is materialist because it asserts that the economic base of society (the means and relations of production) shapes all other aspects of society, including politics, law, and culture.

71. According to Marx, capitalism is characterized by:

(A) Full equality and fairness

(B) The abolition of class distinctions

(D) The fair distribution of wealth

Explanation: Marx argued that capitalism is characterized by the exploitation of workers, as capitalists extract surplus value (profit) from the labor of workers who receive less than the value of what they produce.

72. According to Marx, under capitalism, workers become alienated from all of the following except:

(A) The product of their labor

(B) The process of production

(D) Their fellow workers

Explanation: Marx argued that workers are alienated from the product of their labor, the process of production, and the means of production. However, alienation from fellow workers is not a central aspect of his theory.

73. What is the 'dictatorship of the proletariat' in Marxist theory?

(A) A peaceful government led by the workers

(B) A temporary phase during the transition to communism

(D) A dictatorship of the capitalist class over the working class

(B) A temporary phase during the transition to communism

Explanation: Marx viewed the dictatorship of the proletariat as a transitional phase in which the working class uses state power to suppress the bourgeoisie and lay the foundations for a classless, stateless society.

74. In Marxist theory, the concept of 'surplus value' is related to:

(A) The price of a commodity in the market

(B) The amount of work that goes into a commodity's production

(D) The amount of profit a capitalist makes from selling goods

Explanation: Surplus value is the value produced by workers in excess of their wages, which is then taken as profit by capitalists.

75. According to Marx, the transition to socialism requires:

(A) A democratic election

(B) A violent revolution

(D) The development of political parties

(B) A violent revolution

Explanation: Marx argued that the transition to socialism would require a violent revolution in which the proletariat overthrows the bourgeoisie and takes control of the means of production.

76. According to Marx, which of the following is a characteristic of capitalist society?

(A) Classless society

(B) Common ownership of the means of production

(D) Class conflict and exploitation

Explanation: Marx argued that capitalism is defined by class conflict, as the bourgeoisie exploits the proletariat, leading to inequality and social unrest.

77. In Marx's view, the proletariat's role in the capitalist system is primarily to:

(A) Invest capital into production

(B) Organize the economy

(D) Control the means of production

Explanation: Marx saw the proletariat as the working class that sells its labor to capitalists in exchange for wages, producing goods without benefiting from the value they create.

78. According to Marx, the capitalist system leads to:

(A) A classless society

(B) The concentration of wealth in the hands of a few

(D) The withering away of the state

(B) The concentration of wealth in the hands of a few

Explanation: Marx believed that capitalism leads to the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the bourgeoisie, while the proletariat remains exploited.

79. In Marx's theory, the development of industrial capitalism leads to:

(A) The growth of the middle class

(B) The empowerment of the working class

(D) A more equitable distribution of wealth

Explanation: Marx argued that industrial capitalism leads to the expansion of wage labor, as workers are increasingly separated from the means of production and must sell their labor to survive.

80. According to Marx, the bourgeoisie uses ideology to:

(A) Promote class consciousness among workers

(B) Justify the existing social order and exploitative relations

(D) Create a classless society

(B) Justify the existing social order and exploitative relations

Explanation: Marx believed that ideology is used by the bourgeoisie to legitimize the status quo, making the exploitation of the working class seem natural or inevitable.

81. According to Marx, in a capitalist society, the economic base includes:

(A) The legal and political institutions

(B) The means of production and relations of production

(D) The state apparatus

(B) The means of production and relations of production

Explanation: In Marxist theory, the economic base refers to the means of production (factories, tools, etc.) and the relations of production (the relationships between classes in the production process).

82. Marx's theory of class struggle predicts that the proletariat will:

(A) Eventually become the ruling class

(B) Seek a compromise with the bourgeoisie

(D) Be absorbed into the bourgeoisie

Explanation: Marx argued that the proletariat, after becoming class-conscious, would overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a classless society through revolution.

83. According to Marx, the division of labor in capitalist society leads to:

(A) The empowerment of the working class

(B) Alienation of the workers from their labor

(D) The emergence of a new form of social solidarity

(B) Alienation of the workers from their labor

Explanation: Marx believed that the division of labor in capitalism alienates workers, as they are separated from the products of their labor and the process of production itself.

84. According to Marx, capitalism is a system that primarily produces:

(A) Social equality

(B) Profit for the bourgeoisie

(D) Democracy and political freedom

(B) Profit for the bourgeoisie

Explanation: Marx argued that capitalism primarily benefits the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) by enabling them to extract surplus value from workers, resulting in profit for the capitalists.

85. In Marx’s view, the proletariat’s potential to overthrow capitalism is based on:

(A) The rise of political consciousness

(B) The increasing economic power of the working class

(D) The support of the bourgeoisie

Explanation: Marx believed that the proletariat could only overthrow capitalism once they developed class consciousness, realizing their exploitation and the need for revolution.

86. According to Marx, the state's role under capitalism is to:

(A) Act as a neutral mediator between the bourgeoisie and proletariat

(B) Serve the interests of the working class

(D) Promote social equality

Explanation: Marx argued that the state under capitalism functions to maintain the status quo and protect the interests of the bourgeoisie, especially their private property and economic power.

87. Marx’s concept of 'false consciousness' refers to:

(A) The proletariat’s understanding of their exploitation

(B) The bourgeoisie’s awareness of their power

(D) The rise of political consciousness among workers

Explanation: False consciousness refers to the inability of the proletariat to see their exploitation under capitalism due to the ideological influence of the bourgeoisie, which prevents them from recognizing their common interests and potential for revolution.

88. According to Marx, the ultimate goal of the proletariat's revolution is to:

(A) Establish a democratic republic

(B) Create a classless, stateless society

(D) Gain control over the state apparatus

(B) Create a classless, stateless society

Explanation: Marx envisioned the ultimate goal of the proletarian revolution as the establishment of communism, a classless and stateless society where the means of production are collectively owned.

89. Marx's theory of 'historical materialism' suggests that:

(A) Ideas and philosophy drive historical change

(B) History is shaped by the economic base and material conditions

(D) The development of human consciousness is the main driver of history

(B) History is shaped by the economic base and material conditions

Explanation: Historical materialism is the theory that history is driven by material conditions, specifically the mode of production, which determines the class structure and shapes the development of society.

90. Marx's concept of 'commodity fetishism' implies that:

(A) Commodities have intrinsic value

(B) Social relations are masked by the relationships between commodities

(D) Capitalism leads to the excessive worship of material goods

(B) Social relations are masked by the relationships between commodities

Explanation: 'Commodity fetishism' refers to the process in capitalism where social relations between people are obscured by the relationships between commodities, which are treated as if they have intrinsic value.

91. Marx argued that the capitalist system is inherently unstable because:

(A) It leads to increasing inequality between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

(B) It creates a perfect market

(D) It leads to technological innovation

(A) It leads to increasing inequality between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

Explanation: Marx believed that capitalism would eventually collapse due to the inherent contradictions within the system, particularly the increasing concentration of wealth in the hands of the bourgeoisie and the worsening conditions for the proletariat.

92. According to Marx, the mode of production in a society determines:

(A) The political system

(B) The level of technological development

(D) The culture and religion

Explanation: Marx argued that the mode of production—how goods are produced and distributed—shapes the social relations, class structure, and political institutions in society.

93. Marx's theory of surplus value suggests that profit is derived from:

(A) The exploitation of the labor of workers

(B) The productivity of capitalists

(D) The increase in consumer demand

(A) The exploitation of the labor of workers

Explanation: Surplus value is the value produced by workers that exceeds the wages they are paid, which is then appropriated by capitalists as profit.

94. According to Marx, the end of class society would result in:

(A) The state becoming more powerful

(B) The emergence of a democratic government

(D) The establishment of a new ruling class

Explanation: Marx believed that

94. According to Marx, the end of class society would result in:

(A) The state becoming more powerful

(B) The emergence of a democratic government

(D) The establishment of a new ruling class

Explanation: Marx believed that the end of class society would result in the abolition of the state, as a classless society would no longer need a repressive state apparatus.

95. Marx’s concept of the 'labor theory of value' argues that:

(A) The value of a commodity is determined by the cost of raw materials

(B) The value of a commodity is determined by the amount of labor required to produce it

(D) The value of a commodity is determined by its demand

(B) The value of a commodity is determined by the amount of labor required to produce it

Explanation: According to Marx’s labor theory of value, the value of a commodity is determined by the amount of socially necessary labor time required to produce it, not by its market price or demand.

96. In Marx's analysis, which group controls the means of production in a capitalist society?

(A) The workers (proletariat)

(B) The ruling political class

(D) The state

Explanation: In capitalist societies, the means of production (factories, land, machinery, etc.) are owned and controlled by the bourgeoisie, the capitalist class, which exploits the proletariat.

97. Marx's idea of 'historical materialism' suggests that:

(A) History is shaped by philosophical ideas and ideals

(B) The economic structure of society shapes its political and social institutions

(D) Religion is the main force behind historical development

(B) The economic structure of society shapes its political and social institutions

Explanation: Historical materialism is the theory that material conditions, particularly the way in which society produces goods, shape political, legal, and ideological institutions throughout history.

98. Marx believed that capitalism would eventually be replaced by:

(A) Feudalism

(B) Socialism, followed by communism

(D) A return to agrarian society

(B) Socialism, followed by communism

Explanation: Marx predicted that capitalism would eventually be overthrown by a proletarian revolution, leading to socialism, and eventually a classless, stateless society known as communism.

99. According to Marx, capitalism leads to the alienation of workers because:

(A) They are paid too much

(B) They have too much control over production

(D) They have too much leisure time

Explanation: Marx argued that under capitalism, workers are alienated because they do not control the products they create, the process of production, or the labor itself, making them feel disconnected from their humanity.

100. Marx's idea of class struggle is based on the assumption that:

(A) Class distinctions are natural and unchangeable

(B) Society is divided into two main classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

(D) Class relations are determined by race and gender

(B) Society is divided into two main classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

Explanation: Marx’s theory of class struggle is based on the idea that society is primarily divided into two classes: the bourgeoisie (capitalists) who own the means of production, and the proletariat (workers) who sell their labor.

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STPGT-Sociology_Karl Marx: Class and Class Struggle

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