Social Ecology

Semester – I Interdisciplinary SC 101-ID: Environment and Society

Social Ecology

1. According to John Clark, Social Ecology is the study of:

(A) The relationship between human society and the environment

(B) Human relationships within society

(D) The philosophical study of human culture

(A) The relationship between human society and the environment

Explanation: Social ecology focuses on the interactions between human societies and the natural environment, emphasizing how societal structures and human behavior influence the environment and vice versa.

2. Which philosopher is considered the quintessential social ecologist of the 20th century?

(A) Patrick Geddes

(B) Jacques Elisee Teclu

(D) Radha Kamal Mukherjee

Explanation: Murray Bookchin is regarded as the key figure in the development of social ecology, particularly in his critique of capitalist systems and his vision for an ecological society.

3. According to Ramchandra Guha, the ecological infrastructure of human society includes:

(A) Soil, water, flora, fauna, and climate

(B) Economic institutions

(D) Technological advancements

(A) Soil, water, flora, fauna, and climate

Explanation: Guha argues that ecological infrastructure, including natural resources like soil, water, and climate, significantly shapes human economic, political, and social structures.

4. The concept of 'social ecology' was primarily influenced by which 19th-century anarchist geographer?

(A) P.A. Kropotkin

(B) Patrick Geddes

(D) Lewis Mumford

(A) P.A. Kropotkin

Explanation: P.A. Kropotkin's ecological communitarianism and his advocacy for decentralized societies influenced the development of social ecology, particularly the idea of mutual aid and cooperation.

5. In the context of social ecology, what does 'dialectical philosophy' refer to?

(A) A method for studying economic systems

(B) An approach that examines the reciprocal relationships between the natural world and society

(D) A technological solution to environmental degradation

(B) An approach that examines the reciprocal relationships between the natural world and society

Explanation: Dialectical philosophy in social ecology emphasizes understanding the interdependent relationship between human societies and the natural environment, where both influence each other reciprocally.

6. Which of the following thinkers focused on the centrality of the relationship between people and their physical environments, contributing to social ecology?

(A) Patrick Geddes

(B) Lewis Mumford

(D) All of the above

Explanation: All three thinkers—Geddes, Mumford, and Teclu—emphasized the importance of the relationship between people and their environment, contributing significantly to the development of social ecology.

7. What is the main critique of modern capitalist society according to Murray Bookchin?

(A) It fosters ecological sustainability

(B) It is based on hierarchical systems of domination

(D) It supports decentralization

(B) It is based on hierarchical systems of domination

Explanation: Bookchin critiqued capitalist society for its hierarchical structures, which he believed lead to domination over both people and nature, contributing to environmental degradation.

8. According to Radha Kamal Mukherjee, the 'region' in social ecology is:

(A) A static concept

(B) A living organism where human, plant, and animal communities mutually influence each other

(D) Only concerned with human-made infrastructure

(B) A living organism where human, plant, and animal communities mutually influence each other

Explanation: Mukherjee viewed the region as a dynamic and living organism, where the human, plant, and animal communities interact to maintain balance, highlighting the interdependence of all elements within a region.

9. What is the central concern of the Chipko movement in India?

(A) Industrialization and technological development

(B) The protection of forests and the environment

(D) Political power and resource control

(B) The protection of forests and the environment

Explanation: The Chipko movement was a grassroots environmental movement in India focused on protecting forests from commercial logging, symbolizing the struggle between economic development and environmental conservation.

10. In the Indian context, the term 'Omnivores' refers to:

(A) Industrialists, rich farmers, state officials, and the affluent middle class

(B) Rural populations and tribal communities

(D) Politicians and government bureaucrats

(A) Industrialists, rich farmers, state officials, and the affluent middle class

Explanation: In the framework developed by Madhav Gadgil and Ramchandra Guha, 'Omnivores' refers to the privileged class that controls resources and benefits from development projects, often at the expense of marginalized 'Ecosystem People.'

11. According to Social Ecology, the ecological crisis is rooted in:

(A) Overpopulation alone

(B) Technological advancement

(D) Lack of environmental education

Explanation: Social ecology identifies the ecological crisis as a product of hierarchical social structures, such as capitalism and state power, which lead to domination over nature and ecological degradation.

12. Which of the following thinkers is most associated with the theory of "Libertarian Municipalism"?

(A) Patrick Geddes

(B) Jacques Elisee Teclu

(D) Radha Kamal Mukherjee

Explanation: Murray Bookchin developed the theory of Libertarian Municipalism, which promotes decentralized democratic governance through municipal assemblies and confederations as part of the broader ecological and social reorganization.

13. According to Radha Kamal Mukherjee, the 'region' is viewed as:

(A) A physical space devoid of human interaction

(B) A living organism with a harmonious relationship between humans, plants, and animals

(D) A political division for resource management

(B) A living organism with a harmonious relationship between humans, plants, and animals

Explanation: Mukherjee’s concept of 'region' highlights the mutual influence between human, plant, and animal communities, emphasizing ecological balance and the interconnectedness of all living entities within a region.

14. Social Ecology proposes that the environmental crisis cannot be solved without:

(A) Technological innovation

(B) Radical changes in societal structures

(D) Legal reforms

(B) Radical changes in societal structures

Explanation: Social ecology argues that the environmental crisis is not just a technical issue but is deeply embedded in societal structures, particularly in hierarchical and capitalist systems. Radical social transformation is necessary for ecological sustainability.

15. In the social ecological framework, 'Ecosystem People' refers to:

(A) Industrialists who exploit natural resources

(B) Urban middle-class individuals benefiting from development

(D) Government officials managing environmental policies

Explanation: 'Ecosystem People' refers to marginalized groups, such as rural populations, tribal communities, and landless laborers, who depend directly on natural resources for their livelihood and are often the most affected by ecological degradation.

16. Social Ecology stresses the importance of which type of governance to address environmental issues?

(A) Centralized governance

(B) Decentralized, community-based governance

(D) Authoritarian control over resources

(B) Decentralized, community-based governance

Explanation: Social ecology advocates for decentralized governance through local communities and assemblies, empowering people to make decisions that affect their environment and ensuring more sustainable and democratic resource management.

17. The Social Ecology concept of "Omnivores" primarily refers to:

(A) People living in urban slums

(B) The privileged elite who benefit from resource extraction and environmental degradation

(D) Environmental activists fighting for ecological balance

(B) The privileged elite who benefit from resource extraction and environmental degradation

Explanation: 'Omnivores' refers to the elite class in society—industrialists, politicians, and affluent middle-class individuals—who benefit from the exploitation of natural resources and the degradation of the environment.

18. In the context of Social Ecology, the term 'Ecological Refugees' refers to:

(A) Urban migrants seeking better jobs

(B) Individuals displaced due to ecological disasters or development projects

(D) People living in rural areas

(B) Individuals displaced due to ecological disasters or development projects

Explanation: 'Ecological Refugees' are people who have been displaced due to the environmental consequences of development projects, such as dams or industrialization, which disrupt their access to resources and livelihoods.

19. The core idea of 'Libertarian Municipalism' is to:

(A) Centralize control over resources to improve efficiency

(B) Promote direct democracy and decentralized governance

(D) Limit the participation of the public in decision-making

(B) Promote direct democracy and decentralized governance

Explanation: Libertarian Municipalism, proposed by Murray Bookchin, advocates for direct democracy at the local level, where communities make decisions through public assemblies and confederations, promoting ecological and social sustainability.

20. According to the Social Ecology framework, the concept of 'Eco-Communities' refers to:

(A) Global movements for environmental protection

(B) Small, decentralized communities living in harmony with nature

(D) National policies for environmental conservation

(B) Small, decentralized communities living in harmony with nature

Explanation: Eco-Communities in Social Ecology are decentralized, cooperative communities that live in harmony with the natural environment, relying on sustainable practices and mutual aid to fulfill their needs.

21. According to Murray Bookchin, the root cause of environmental degradation is:

(A) Technological advancement

(B) Overpopulation

(D) Lack of environmental education

Explanation: Bookchin argued that the hierarchical structures inherent in capitalism and the state are the primary causes of environmental degradation, as they foster exploitation of both people and nature.

22. Which of the following is a central principle of Social Ecology?

(A) The dominance of industrialization over agriculture

(B) The decentralization of political and economic power

(D) The need for technological solutions to ecological problems

(B) The decentralization of political and economic power

Explanation: Social Ecology advocates for the decentralization of political and economic power, promoting local, community-based decision-making structures to create more equitable and sustainable societies.

23. According to Radha Kamal Mukherjee, which of the following elements is crucial for maintaining ecological balance?

(A) Industrial development

(B) Preservation of regional biodiversity

(D) Resource exploitation

(B) Preservation of regional biodiversity

Explanation: Mukherjee emphasized the importance of maintaining a harmonious balance between human societies and the natural environment, where preserving regional biodiversity and ecological balance is essential for sustainability.

24. In Social Ecology, what is meant by the term 'Ecosystem People'?

(A) People who live in cities and benefit from resource extraction

(B) People who rely on local ecosystems for their survival

(D) Urban professionals in the service sector

(B) People who rely on local ecosystems for their survival

Explanation: 'Ecosystem People' refers to those who depend on the natural environment for their subsistence, including rural populations, tribal communities, and marginalized groups whose livelihoods are intertwined with local ecosystems.

25. What does the term 'Omnivores' refer to in Social Ecology?

(A) Communities that live in harmony with nature

(B) The affluent class who exploit natural resources for personal gain

(D) Small-scale farmers in rural areas

(B) The affluent class who exploit natural resources for personal gain

Explanation: In Social Ecology, 'Omnivores' refers to the privileged class that benefits from the exploitation of natural resources. This group includes industrialists, wealthy farmers, and urban elites who have significant control over resources.

26. Murray Bookchin’s vision of ecological society includes which of the following?

(A) Industrial capitalism

(B) Centralized state control over resources

(D) Technological utopia

Explanation: Bookchin envisioned an ecological society based on decentralized, direct democracy, where communities make decisions collectively, fostering ecological harmony and sustainable living.

27. The Chipko movement in India is associated with which of the following principles?

(A) Industrial development and urbanization

(B) Environmental conservation and protection of forests

(D) Technological intervention for environmental restoration

(B) Environmental conservation and protection of forests

Explanation: The Chipko movement, which originated in India, focused on protecting forests from deforestation, where communities (primarily women) embraced trees to prevent them from being cut down, promoting environmental conservation.

28. Social Ecology emphasizes the relationship between:

(A) Human society and economic growth

(B) Human society and its environment

(D) Political power and natural resources

(B) Human society and its environment

Explanation: Social Ecology emphasizes the interconnectedness between human society and its environment, stressing the need for sustainable interaction between the two to achieve long-term ecological balance.

29. Which of the following was a major concern for Radhakamal Mukherjee in his concept of Social Ecology?

(A) The preservation of global ecosystems

(B) The local balance between human, plant, and animal communities

(D) The control of water resources

(B) The local balance between human, plant, and animal communities

Explanation: Mukherjee focused on the mutual interdependence of human societies, plant life, and animals within a region, highlighting the importance of maintaining a balanced and sustainable relationship within local ecosystems.

30. In Social Ecology, the 'Ecological Refugees' are described as:

(A) People displaced by technological advancements

(B) Individuals affected by ecological disasters and development projects

(D) Migrant workers from rural areas

(B) Individuals affected by ecological disasters and development projects

Explanation: Ecological Refugees are people who are displaced due to the adverse effects of development projects, such as dams or large-scale industrial projects, which destroy their natural habitat and livelihoods.

31. According to Murray Bookchin, the ecological crisis is rooted in:

(A) Overconsumption by the wealthy

(B) The imbalance between nature and technology

(D) Excessive urbanization and pollution

Explanation: Bookchin argued that the ecological crisis is primarily caused by the domination of nature through hierarchical social systems, particularly capitalism and state power, which exploit both people and the environment.

32. The primary aim of social ecology is to:

(A) Promote industrialization as a solution to ecological problems

(B) Examine the relationships between human society and ecological systems

(D) Support government policies that promote development at any cost

(B) Examine the relationships between human society and ecological systems

Explanation: Social ecology primarily focuses on understanding the interrelationships between human society and ecological systems, emphasizing the need for sustainable and harmonious interactions between the two.

33. In the context of Social Ecology, the concept of 'Libertarian Municipalism' promotes:

(A) The centralization of power and resources

(B) The establishment of direct democratic governance at the local level

(D) The reduction of public participation in decision-making

(B) The establishment of direct democratic governance at the local level

Explanation: 'Libertarian Municipalism,' developed by Murray Bookchin, advocates for the establishment of direct democratic governance at the local level, where communities actively participate in decision-making processes to foster ecological and social sustainability.

34. Social ecology challenges the idea that:

(A) Economic growth is necessary for social progress

(B) Technological solutions can solve environmental crises

(D) The development process should benefit only urban areas

(A) Economic growth is necessary for social progress

Explanation: Social ecology critiques the idea that economic growth is the sole path to social progress. It advocates for a shift away from growth-driven models and emphasizes the importance of ecological balance, social justice, and decentralization.

35. In the context of social ecology, the term 'ecosystem refugees' refers to:

(A) People displaced by environmental movements

(B) Those displaced by ecological disasters or development projects

(D) People living in urban slums

(B) Those displaced by ecological disasters or development projects

Explanation: 'Ecosystem refugees' refers to people who are displaced due to environmental degradation caused by development projects, such as dam construction, mining, and deforestation, which destroy their habitat and means of subsistence.

36. According to Radha Kamal Mukherjee's concept of social ecology, man’s relationship with the environment is:

(A) One-sided, with humans dominating nature

(B) A mutually interdependent relationship

(D) Based solely on resource exploitation

(B) A mutually interdependent relationship

Explanation: Mukherjee emphasized that the relationship between humans and their environment is one of mutual interdependence, where human societies must work with the natural world in a balanced and sustainable manner.

37. What does the term 'bioregionalism' refer to in the context of Social Ecology?

(A) A global movement to protect endangered species

(B) The focus on preserving individual species

(D) The creation of urban green spaces

Explanation: Bioregionalism, an important concept in social ecology, advocates for organizing human society based on the natural ecological regions where communities live, emphasizing sustainable practices that respect the natural environment.

38. According to Social Ecology, environmental destruction is caused by:

(A) The excessive exploitation of resources in a competitive, hierarchical society

(B) Natural processes beyond human control

(D) Technological advancements alone

(A) The excessive exploitation of resources in a competitive, hierarchical society

Explanation: Social ecology asserts that environmental destruction is a result of excessive resource exploitation, driven by competitive and hierarchical structures within society, particularly in capitalist systems.

39. In the framework of Social Ecology, the term 'omnipresent' refers to:

(A) The marginalized communities that have limited access to resources

(B) The affluent, industrial elites who benefit from environmental degradation

(D) The natural world’s influence on human society

(B) The affluent, industrial elites who benefit from environmental degradation

Explanation: In social ecology, 'Omnivores' refers to the privileged elites, including industrialists, politicians, and wealthy landowners, who benefit from the exploitation of natural resources and contribute to environmental degradation.

40. Which of the following is a key criticism of the traditional development model according to Social Ecology?

(A) It focuses on decentralized governance

(B) It ignores the social and ecological consequences of development

(D) It values community-based decision making

(B) It ignores the social and ecological consequences of development

Explanation: Social ecology critiques the traditional development model for focusing solely on economic growth and industrialization, while ignoring the social and ecological consequences of such development, often leading to environmental degradation and social inequality.

51. According to Social Ecology, a major cause of ecological degradation is:

(A) The lack of technological innovation

(B) The domination of nature by hierarchical and capitalist systems

(D) Natural disasters affecting ecosystems

(B) The domination of nature by hierarchical and capitalist systems

Explanation: Social Ecology identifies hierarchical and capitalist systems as major contributors to ecological degradation, as these systems exploit both human labor and the environment for profit.

52. What is the concept of 'ecological balance' according to Radha Kamal Mukherjee?

(A) A state of equilibrium between industrial activities and natural ecosystems

(B) The mutual interdependence of human, plant, and animal communities within a region

(D) The complete conservation of all natural resources without any human interference

(B) The mutual interdependence of human, plant, and animal communities within a region

Explanation: Mukherjee's concept of ecological balance emphasizes the interdependence of humans, plants, and animals within a given region, where all elements must work in harmony to maintain ecological stability.

53. According to Social Ecology, the solution to environmental crises lies in:

(A) Large-scale technological interventions

(B) Centralized state control over resources

(D) International environmental treaties and laws

Explanation: Social Ecology advocates for a radical restructuring of society, moving away from hierarchical systems towards decentralized, democratic governance that promotes ecological sustainability.

54. The concept of 'bioregionalism' emphasizes:

(A) Global environmental policies that regulate natural resources

(B) Organizing society based on natural ecological regions

(D) The conservation of species at the global level

(B) Organizing society based on natural ecological regions

Explanation: Bioregionalism, a key idea in Social Ecology, promotes organizing society based on natural ecological regions, ensuring that communities live in harmony with their surrounding environment and local ecosystems.

55. In Social Ecology, the term 'Omnivores' refers to:

(A) People who benefit from ecological conservation efforts

(B) Industrialists and the wealthy elite who exploit natural resources

(D) Environmental activists working to restore ecosystems

(B) Industrialists and the wealthy elite who exploit natural resources

Explanation: 'Omnivores' refers to the privileged elite in Social Ecology—industrialists, politicians, and wealthy landowners—who benefit from the exploitation of natural resources and contribute to ecological degradation.

56. What is the role of 'social hierarchies' in ecological crises, according to Social Ecology?

(A) Social hierarchies help maintain ecological balance

(B) Social hierarchies contribute to the unequal distribution of resources, leading to environmental degradation

(D) Social hierarchies have no impact on environmental issues

(B) Social hierarchies contribute to the unequal distribution of resources, leading to environmental degradation

Explanation: Social Ecology argues that social hierarchies, particularly those in capitalist societies, contribute to unequal access to resources, exacerbating environmental degradation by privileging the elite at the expense of marginalized communities.

57. According to Social Ecology, a major flaw of traditional environmentalism is:

(A) It emphasizes the use of technology over societal change

(B) It advocates for the conservation of resources without addressing the underlying social systems

(D) It ignores the role of the state in environmental degradation

(B) It advocates for the conservation of resources without addressing the underlying social systems

Explanation: Social Ecology critiques traditional environmentalism for focusing on resource conservation without addressing the root causes of ecological destruction, particularly the exploitative social systems that perpetuate environmental harm.

58. According to Social Ecology, 'Ecosystem People' are those who:

(A) Rely on industrial systems for their livelihood

(B) Live in urban areas and benefit from the exploitation of natural resources

(D) Are responsible for large-scale environmental destruction

Explanation: 'Ecosystem People' refers to marginalized groups, such as rural populations and tribal communities, who depend directly on natural ecosystems for their livelihood and are often most affected by ecological degradation.

59. In the context of Social Ecology, the term 'ecological refugees' refers to:

(A) Individuals displaced by economic policies

(B) People forced to migrate due to environmental degradation caused by development projects

(D) Communities suffering from global warming

(B) People forced to migrate due to environmental degradation caused by development projects

Explanation: 'Ecological Refugees' are individuals or communities who are displaced due to environmental degradation caused by large-scale development projects, such as dams, mining, and deforestation, which disrupt their access to resources and livelihoods.

60. According to Murray Bookchin, the solution to ecological degradation lies in:

(A) Increased technological innovation and industrial growth

(B) The establishment of a global ecological state

(D) The conservation of natural resources through international treaties

Explanation: Bookchin proposed that the solution to ecological degradation is a revolutionary transformation of society based on ecological principles, with decentralized communities practicing direct democracy and working in harmony with the natural environment.

61. According to Social Ecology, the major source of ecological degradation is:

(A) Overpopulation and excessive consumption

(B) Capitalist modes of production and hierarchical structures

(D) The uncontrolled use of natural resources

(B) Capitalist modes of production and hierarchical structures

Explanation: Social Ecology argues that capitalist economic systems and hierarchical social structures are the primary drivers of ecological degradation, as they lead to the exploitation of both natural resources and marginalized people.

62. Which concept in Social Ecology emphasizes the role of human society in shaping the natural environment?

(A) Eco-authoritarianism

(B) Bioregionalism

(D) Social construction of nature

Explanation: The concept of 'social construction of nature' in Social Ecology emphasizes how human societies shape and alter the natural environment through cultural, economic, and political practices.

63. According to Radha Kamal Mukherjee, the region should be viewed as:

(A) A resource to be exploited

(B) A static entity

(D) A product of human engineering

Explanation: Mukherjee conceptualized the region as a living organism where human, animal, and plant systems work together in a dynamic and interdependent manner, highlighting the importance of ecological balance.

64. In Social Ecology, the concept of 'Libertarian Municipalism' suggests that:

(A) Centralized power should control all natural resources

(B) Communities should govern themselves through local, democratic assemblies

(D) Technological advances should be used to control environmental degradation

(B) Communities should govern themselves through local, democratic assemblies

Explanation: Libertarian Municipalism advocates for decentralized, direct democratic governance through local assemblies, allowing communities to manage their own resources and make decisions in line with ecological sustainability.

65. What does Social Ecology propose as a solution to ecological crises?

(A) Relying on technological innovation

(B) Decentralizing political and economic power to local communities

(D) Promoting global capitalism to solve environmental issues

(B) Decentralizing political and economic power to local communities

Explanation: Social Ecology proposes that ecological crises can be addressed by decentralizing political and economic power to local, self-governing communities that can manage resources sustainably and make decisions democratically.

66. Which of the following thinkers emphasized the importance of regional planning based on natural ecological boundaries?

(A) Patrick Geddes

(B) Murray Bookchin

(D) Radha Kamal Mukherjee

(A) Patrick Geddes

Explanation: Patrick Geddes is known for his work in regional planning based on natural ecological boundaries, advocating for communities to live in harmony with their surrounding ecosystems and cultural realities.

67. What does Social Ecology view as the primary cause of ecological crises in capitalist societies?

(A) Lack of technological innovation

(B) The exploitation of both nature and people by hierarchical systems

(D) Industrial accidents

(B) The exploitation of both nature and people by hierarchical systems

Explanation: Social Ecology argues that the exploitation of natural resources and marginalized groups by hierarchical and capitalist systems is the root cause of ecological crises, as these systems prioritize profit over ecological sustainability.

68. According to Social Ecology, what role does the state play in environmental degradation?

(A) The state regulates natural resources to ensure sustainability

(B) The state enforces policies that promote ecological balance

(D) The state ensures that development is based on ecological principles

Explanation: Social Ecology views the state as a facilitator of the exploitation of natural resources by capitalists, prioritizing economic growth over environmental sustainability and reinforcing unequal social structures.

69. What is the main critique of traditional environmentalism according to Social Ecology?

(A) It focuses too much on local solutions

(B) It ignores the social and political factors driving ecological degradation

(D) It seeks global governance solutions without local action

(B) It ignores the social and political factors driving ecological degradation

Explanation: Social Ecology critiques traditional environmentalism for focusing primarily on technical solutions and conservation without addressing the underlying social, political, and economic systems that drive ecological degradation.

70. What does 'social ecology' seek to transform in society?

(A) Industrial production processes

(B) The relationship between humans and the natural environment, and societal structures

(D) The education system to focus on ecological issues

(B) The relationship between humans and the natural environment, and societal structures

Explanation: Social ecology seeks to transform both the relationship between humans and the natural environment, and the societal structures (especially capitalist and hierarchical systems) that contribute to environmental degradation.

71. In Social Ecology, the concept of 'Eco-authoritarianism' emphasizes:

(A) Strict state control of all natural resources

(B) The ecological philosophy rooted in community-based governance

(D) The centralization of environmental management

(B) The ecological philosophy rooted in community-based governance

Explanation: Eco-authoritarianism, as discussed by John Clark, emphasizes community-based governance where local communities take responsibility for managing ecological resources, rather than relying on state control or centralized systems.

72. According to Radha Kamal Mukherjee, the ‘region’ in social ecology is:

(A) A politically defined area

(B) A place for human activity only

(D) A fixed geographical space that cannot change over time

Explanation: Mukherjee's concept of 'region' highlights the dynamic interactions between human, plant, and animal communities, emphasizing the interconnectedness of these systems in maintaining ecological balance.

73. Which of the following is a key critique of capitalist societies in Social Ecology?

(A) They prioritize ecological balance over profit

(B) They perpetuate inequality and environmental degradation through hierarchical structures

(D) They promote sustainable urbanization

(B) They perpetuate inequality and environmental degradation through hierarchical structures

Explanation: Social Ecology critiques capitalist societies for their hierarchical structures, which lead to exploitation of natural resources and marginalized people, resulting in environmental degradation and social inequality.

74. What does 'bioregionalism' in Social Ecology advocate for?

(A) Organizing society based on economic needs

(B) A global approach to environmental conservation

(D) The creation of global urban spaces

Explanation: Bioregionalism advocates for organizing society around natural ecological boundaries, encouraging sustainable practices and local governance that respect the local environment and ecosystem.

75. Social Ecology’s critique of environmentalism includes the argument that traditional environmentalism:

(A) Focuses too much on technological solutions and conservation

(B) Promotes the exploitation of nature for profit

(D) Emphasizes the need for urbanization and industrialization

(A) Focuses too much on technological solutions and conservation

Explanation: Social Ecology critiques traditional environmentalism for focusing too heavily on technological fixes and conservation efforts, without addressing the deeper social, economic, and political structures that contribute to environmental problems.

76. In Social Ecology, the ‘ecological crisis’ is seen as a consequence of:

(A) Natural disasters and climate change

(B) The failure of global environmental treaties

(D) Overpopulation and urbanization

Explanation: Social Ecology argues that the ecological crisis is a result of capitalist economic systems and hierarchical social structures that prioritize profit over sustainability, leading to the exploitation of both people and the environment.

77. Which of the following best describes the role of technology in Social Ecology?

(A) Technology should be used to solve environmental problems without changing social structures

(B) Technology should be rejected entirely in favor of traditional practices

(D) Technology should replace human labor in resource management

Explanation: Social Ecology advocates for integrating technology with social and ecological principles, ensuring that technological advances support sustainable development and do not exacerbate environmental degradation or social inequality.

78. In Social Ecology, the term 'ecosystem people' is used to refer to:

(A) People who live in urban areas with high resource consumption

(B) People who depend on natural resources for their livelihoods and are often marginalized

(D) People who work in industries that exploit natural resources

(B) People who depend on natural resources for their livelihoods and are often marginalized

Explanation: 'Ecosystem People' refers to marginalized groups such as rural populations, tribal communities, and landless laborers who rely directly on natural resources for survival, and whose livelihoods are often threatened by ecological degradation.

79. The key feature of 'Libertarian Municipalism' is that it:

(A) Supports centralized state power for resource management

(B) Advocates for the creation of local, directly democratic governance

(D) Focuses on technological innovation for resource management

(B) Advocates for the creation of local, directly democratic governance

Explanation: 'Libertarian Municipalism' promotes local, directly democratic governance, where citizens actively participate in decision-making processes about resources, ensuring ecological sustainability and social justice.

80. Social Ecology suggests that the ecological crisis is fundamentally a:

(A) Technological issue

(B) Political issue rooted in social hierarchies and power structures

(D) Problem that can be solved by global environmental treaties

(B) Political issue rooted in social hierarchies and power structures

Explanation: Social Ecology views the ecological crisis as a political issue that is deeply rooted in social hierarchies and power structures, particularly capitalism and state systems, which exploit both people and nature.

81. According to Social Ecology, the primary solution to environmental degradation is:

(A) Technological innovation in resource management

(B) A return to traditional practices

(D) Increased governmental regulations on industries

Explanation: Social Ecology advocates for the decentralization of political and economic systems, enabling communities to make sustainable decisions and manage resources democratically at the local level.

82. In Social Ecology, which of the following is considered a fundamental cause of ecological degradation?

(A) Natural processes and climate change

(B) Technological advancements and scientific progress

(D) Lack of education about environmental issues

Explanation: Social Ecology argues that ecological degradation is driven by hierarchical and capitalist structures, which prioritize profit over sustainability and exploit both natural resources and marginalized people.

83. Which of the following thinkers is associated with the theory of 'Libertarian Municipalism' in Social Ecology?

(A) Patrick Geddes

(B) Jacques Elisee Teclu

(D) Radha Kamal Mukherjee

Explanation: Murray Bookchin is the key thinker associated with 'Libertarian Municipalism,' which advocates for direct democracy and decentralized governance at the local level, allowing communities to make decisions about their environment.

84. Social Ecology's critique of traditional environmentalism includes its emphasis on:

(A) Addressing the social and political roots of ecological issues

(B) Technological and policy solutions without addressing underlying social systems

(D) A focus on conservation over economic growth

(B) Technological and policy solutions without addressing underlying social systems

Explanation: Social Ecology critiques traditional environmentalism for focusing too much on technological and policy fixes while failing to address the social and political structures that contribute to ecological destruction.

85. According to Social Ecology, the key to solving ecological problems lies in:

(A) The centralization of power in government

(B) Global economic growth

(D) The creation of large-scale environmental regulations

Explanation: Social Ecology emphasizes the need for a transformation of societal structures, particularly moving away from hierarchical and exploitative systems, to ensure ecological sustainability and social justice.

86. In Social Ecology, the concept of 'eco-communities' refers to:

(A) Large urban areas focused on sustainability

(B) Small, decentralized communities living in harmony with nature

(D) Industrial organizations that promote ecological practices

(B) Small, decentralized communities living in harmony with nature

Explanation: 'Eco-communities' in Social Ecology refers to small, decentralized communities that practice sustainability and live in harmony with their local ecosystems, ensuring both ecological and social resilience.

87. Social Ecology’s concept of ‘Ecosystem People’ refers to:

(A) Individuals in urban areas who consume resources

(B) People who depend on local ecosystems for their livelihood and are often marginalized

(D) People who are displaced due to urbanization

(B) People who depend on local ecosystems for their livelihood and are often marginalized

Explanation: 'Ecosystem People' refers to marginalized communities, such as rural and tribal populations, who depend on natural resources for survival and are often the most vulnerable to ecological degradation.

88. According to Social Ecology, ‘Omnivores’ refers to:

(A) Small-scale farmers who practice sustainable agriculture

(B) Elites such as industrialists and landowners who benefit from environmental exploitation

(D) Individuals involved in the restoration of ecosystems

(B) Elites such as industrialists and landowners who benefit from environmental exploitation

Explanation: In Social Ecology, 'Omnivores' refers to the wealthy elite—industrialists, landowners, and state officials—who benefit from the exploitation of natural resources, leading to environmental degradation and social inequality.

89. Social Ecology’s focus on ‘bioregionalism’ emphasizes:

(A) The organization of society based on economic efficiency

(B) The importance of aligning social organization with natural ecological regions

(D) The exploitation of natural resources for economic development

(B) The importance of aligning social organization with natural ecological regions

Explanation: Bioregionalism, a key principle in Social Ecology, advocates for organizing society around natural ecological regions, ensuring that communities live in harmony with their local environment and respect natural boundaries.

90. According to Murray Bookchin, the future of society should be based on:

(A) Technological dominance and economic growth

(B) A return to feudal systems of governance

(D) A global capitalist system

Explanation: Murray Bookchin envisioned a future where society operates on principles of decentralized direct democracy, where communities make decisions collectively, in harmony with ecological sustainability and social equity.

91. In Social Ecology, the concept of 'ecological refugees' refers to people who:

(A) Move to urban areas seeking employment

(B) Are displaced due to ecological disasters or development projects

(D) Seek refuge in other countries due to political reasons

(B) Are displaced due to ecological disasters or development projects

Explanation: 'Ecological refugees' refers to individuals or communities displaced due to ecological degradation caused by large-scale development projects such as dams, mining, and deforestation, which destroy their habitat and means of survival.

92. According to Social Ecology, environmental crises cannot be solved by:

(A) Technological advancements alone

(B) Global environmental treaties

(D) Sustainable agricultural practices

(A) Technological advancements alone

Explanation: Social Ecology argues that technological advancements alone cannot solve environmental crises; rather, societal structures must be transformed to eliminate exploitation and create sustainable systems that respect both people and nature.

93. Social Ecology argues that the central cause of ecological degradation is:

(A) Overpopulation in developing countries

(B) The exploitation of natural resources by capitalist economies

(D) Increased urbanization and waste production

(B) The exploitation of natural resources by capitalist economies

Explanation: Social Ecology points to capitalist economic systems as a key cause of ecological degradation, as these systems prioritize profit over sustainability and exploit natural resources and marginalized populations.

94. The concept of 'social-ecological contradictions' in Social Ecology refers to:

(A) The conflict between economic growth and ecological sustainability

(B) The differences between urban and rural ecological practices

(D) The conflict between technological advancement and natural preservation

(A) The conflict between economic growth and ecological sustainability

Explanation: 'Social-ecological contradictions' refer to the conflict between the drive for economic growth and the need for ecological sustainability. Social Ecology critiques the capitalist model for promoting growth that depletes natural resources and harms ecosystems.

95. According to Social Ecology, the solution to ecological problems involves:

(A) Technological innovations that increase production

(B) The abolition of all forms of government

(D) Expanding global trade and commerce

Explanation: Social Ecology advocates for systemic change towards decentralized, participatory governance, where local communities have direct control over resource management, fostering ecological sustainability and social equity.

96. What is the role of 'green politics' in Social Ecology?

(A) To focus on technological solutions to environmental problems

(B) To promote ecological sustainability within the framework of capitalism

(D) To encourage government control over all industries

Explanation: Green politics, in the context of Social Ecology, advocates for a political transformation that integrates ecological sustainability and social justice, challenging capitalist systems and hierarchical structures that exploit both people and the environment.

97. In Social Ecology, 'bioregionalism' is a concept that encourages:

(A) The centralization of resource management at the global level

(B) The organization of society based on natural ecological regions

(D) The abandonment of urban areas in favor of rural life

(B) The organization of society based on natural ecological regions

Explanation: Bioregionalism in Social Ecology advocates for organizing human society based on the natural ecological boundaries of regions, ensuring that local communities live in harmony with their natural environments and respect the ecosystems around them.

98. According to Murray Bookchin, the solution to ecological problems lies in:

(A) Centralized global governance for resource management

(B) A return to agrarian societies

(D) Increased industrialization to meet environmental needs

Explanation: Bookchin's solution to ecological problems is rooted in decentralized, participatory democracy, where communities manage resources democratically and in balance with the natural environment, fostering sustainability and social justice.

99. In Social Ecology, the 'treadmill of production' metaphor refers to:

(A) The endless cycle of production and consumption driven by capitalist economies

(B) The technological processes that lead to ecological destruction

(D) The shift from urban to rural economies

(A) The endless cycle of production and consumption driven by capitalist economies

Explanation: The 'treadmill of production' metaphor describes the endless cycle of production and consumption in capitalist economies, which leads to the depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation without improving overall societal well-being.

100. According to Social Ecology, the key to achieving ecological sustainability is:

(A) Relying on advanced technologies to manage resources

(B) A radical transformation of societal structures to decentralize power

(D) Expansion of urban centers to concentrate resources

(B) A radical transformation of societal structures to decentralize power

Explanation: Social Ecology argues that achieving ecological sustainability requires a radical transformation of societal structures, including decentralizing political and economic power to local communities that can manage resources in harmony with the environment.

Social Ecology

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