Introduction
Family has long been the cornerstone of Indian society, characterized by multigenerational living, collective decision-making, and deeply rooted traditions. However, the attitudes of Indian youth toward family structures and values are undergoing significant transformation. Rapid urbanization, globalization, and technological advancements are reshaping how younger generations perceive familial roles, responsibilities, and relationships. Understanding these shifts is critical in a country where familial bonds influence social stability, economic decisions, and cultural identity. As India balances tradition and modernity, analyzing these changes provides insights into future societal trajectories, policy needs, and intergenerational cohesion.
1. Cultural Shifts in Family Dynamics
Traditional Indian family structures, historically dominated by joint families characterized by multigenerational cohabitation and collective decision-making, are undergoing profound transformations. According to the 2011 Census of India, joint families constituted only 16% of urban households, a sharp decline from 44% in 1981. This trend is further corroborated by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–2021), which highlights that nuclear families now represent 70% of urban households, signaling a cultural pivot toward individualism (International Institute for Population Sciences, 2021).
Youth today increasingly prioritize personal autonomy over collectivist values, a shift attributed to urbanization, education, and economic liberalization. Uberoi (2003) argues that the “moral economy” of joint families—rooted in interdependence and shared resources—has been disrupted by aspirations for privacy and self-determination. For instance, young adults now prefer separate living spaces to avoid familial scrutiny over career choices or lifestyle habits, such as late-night socializing or interfaith relationships (Cohen, 2020). This individualism is also reflected in rituals; festivals like Diwali or Eid, once celebrated communally, are now often observed privately or through virtual gatherings. A 2021 study by the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Bangalore found that 62% of urban youth under 30 prefer intimate celebrations with immediate family or friends, rather than extended kin networks (Sharma & Kapoor, 2021).
Economic factors further drive this transition. The growth of India’s service sector and gig economy has incentivized migration to cities, where nuclear households are more practical. Desai and Andrist (2010) note that financial independence among youth, particularly women, reduces reliance on joint family systems. For example, 41% of urban women aged 20–30 contribute to household incomes, enabling them to negotiate autonomy in decisions like marriage timing or career paths (Desai & Andrist, 2010).
However, this shift has social repercussions. Elderly care, traditionally managed within joint families, is increasingly outsourced to institutions. A 2018 study by Patel et al. revealed that 28% of seniors in nuclear households report loneliness, compared to 12% in joint families (Patel et al., 2018). Regional disparities persist, too: rural areas, where 65% of India’s population resides, maintain stronger joint family ties due to agrarian economies and limited access to urban opportunities (Census of India, 2011).
Legislative changes, such as the 2005 amendment to the Hindu Succession Act granting daughters equal inheritance rights, have also reshaped family dynamics by challenging patriarchal norms (Palriwala & Uberoi, 2008). These legal strides, coupled with exposure to global gender-equity discourses, encourage youth to reject outdated practices like dowry and caste-based marriages.
2. Impact of Urbanization
Urbanization has profoundly reshaped family structures in India, accelerating the transition from joint to nuclear households and altering intergenerational dynamics. As of 2022, 34% of India’s population resides in urban areas, a figure projected to rise to 40% by 2030 (World Bank, 2022). This migration, driven by employment opportunities and educational aspirations, has fragmented extended families. According to the 2011 Census of India, nuclear families now constitute 70% of urban households, a stark increase from 52% in 1991 (Census of India, 2011). The National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–21) corroborates this trend, noting that urban nuclear households prioritize individualism, with 65% of urban youth valuing personal autonomy over collective decision-making (IIPS, 2021).
i. Time Constraints and Work-Life Imbalance
Urban youths, particularly in high-pressure sectors like IT and finance, face demanding work schedules that limit family engagement. A 2023 National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) report found that 58% of urban professionals aged 20–35 work over 50 hours weekly, leaving minimal time for communal activities (NSSO, 2023). For instance, IT workers in Bengaluru frequently cite “work-life imbalance” as a key reason for reduced participation in family rituals, exacerbating emotional distance (Rao & Singh, 2022). This contrasts with rural agrarian lifestyles, where family labor and leisure remain intertwined.
ii. Housing Shortages and Spatial Fragmentation
Metropolitan cities grapple with acute housing crises, forcing youth to live in cramped, expensive accommodations far from elders. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA, 2021) estimates that 60% of millennials reside in shared or rented spaces, prioritizing proximity to workplaces over multigenerational living. This spatial separation disrupts caregiving traditions: a 2020 Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) study revealed that only 22% of urban seniors live with their children, compared to 68% in rural India (TISS, 2020). Consequently, elderly care is increasingly outsourced to institutions, with 28% of seniors in nuclear households reporting loneliness (Patel et al., 2018).
iii. Erosion of Intergenerational Bonds
Urbanization weakens traditional roles, such as elders guiding household decisions or transmitting cultural values. A HelpAge India (2022) survey found that 45% of urban youths communicate with grandparents less than once a month, attributing this to hectic schedules and physical distance. The decline in daily interaction diminishes opportunities for storytelling and moral education, which are central to Indian familial identity (Chaudhary & Bhargava, 2019).
iv. Gender Role Transformations
Urban economies empower women to challenge patriarchal norms. With 24% of urban women employed in formal sectors (World Bank, 2022), many delay marriage or reject arranged alliances to prioritize careers. However, this shift strains relationships with conservative elders who emphasize domesticity (Desai & Andrist, 2010). For example, 41% of urban women aged 20–30 now contribute to household incomes, enabling financial independence (Desai & Andrist, 2010).
v. Policy and Infrastructure Challenges
Poor urban planning exacerbates familial fragmentation. In Chennai, inadequate public transport forces workers to endure long commutes, further reducing family time (Ravi & Verma, 2021). Policymakers have yet to address elder care infrastructure, leaving nuclear families reliant on private nursing homes—a departure from traditional home-based care (Patel et al., 2018).
vi. Regional Variations
The impact of urbanization is uneven. While megacities like Delhi witness rapid nuclearization, smaller towns like Ahmedabad retain stronger intergenerational ties due to cultural conservatism and affordable housing (Shah, 2020). Nevertheless, the overarching trend toward nuclear families reflects urbanization’s irreversible influence on India’s social fabric.
3. Digital Technology and Social Media Influence
The pervasive influence of digital technology and social media has fundamentally altered the familial attitudes and behaviors of Indian youth, fostering a cultural shift toward individualism and globalized aspirations. Platforms like Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok (prior to its 2020 ban) expose young Indians to global “mediascapes” (Appadurai, 1996), normalizing lifestyles that challenge traditional norms. For instance, Instagram influencers glorifying solo travel, late marriages, or cohabitation conflict with parental expectations of early arranged marriages and collectivist living. A 2022 survey by the Centre for Media Studies (CMS) found that 54% of urban youths aged 18–25 attribute their redefined aspirations to Western media, sparking intergenerational friction (CMS, 2022). This exposure is intensified by the sheer volume of time spent online: a 2023 report by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) revealed that 70% of urban Indian youths spend over four hours daily on digital platforms, with social media consumption dominating 65% of this time (IAMAI, 2023).
This digital immersion erodes traditional family interactions. Increased screen time correlates with diminished participation in shared rituals, such as communal meals or festivals. Livingstone and Helsper (2022) found that Indian youths who spend 4+ hours online daily are 40% less likely to engage in face-to-face family activities. Parents increasingly report "phubbing" (phone snubbing), where children prioritize virtual interactions during gatherings, leading to emotional disconnect (Kaur & Sharma, 2023). In urban middle-class households, 63% of parents feel digital distractions hinder meaningful communication (NCAER, 2022). For example, WhatsApp, while used by 82% of urban families for coordination, often reduces interactions to transactional exchanges about bills or chores rather than emotional bonding (IAMAI, 2023).
Social media also reshapes expectations of privacy and autonomy. Platforms like Snapchat enable youth to cultivate independent identities away from familial scrutiny, a phenomenon Boyd (2014) terms “networked individualism.” In India, 48% of youths aged 18–30 maintain secret social media accounts to avoid parental judgment (Sharma & Kapoor, 2021), clashing with traditional norms where individual actions reflect collective family honor (Uberoi, 2003). This tension is evident in urban areas, where 35% of college students avoid posting about relationships or parties to evade criticism (Mehta & Rao, 2022).
Mental health repercussions further complicate this dynamic. A 2023 Indian Psychiatric Society study found that 39% of youths experience anxiety due to social media’s “fear of missing out” (FOMO), comparing their lives to idealized online portrayals (Chauhan & Verma, 2023). Rural areas, however, remain more rooted in tradition due to lower smartphone penetration (28% as of 2023) (TRAI, 2023), though expanding internet access is gradually bridging this gap.
To mitigate these challenges, experts advocate for digital literacy programs and policies that balance technological progress with cultural preservation. UNICEF (2023) emphasizes the need for initiatives promoting responsible online behavior while safeguarding familial cohesion, underscoring the urgency of addressing this dual-edged impact.
4. Educational Influences
The expansion of higher education in India has emerged as a transformative force in reshaping youth attitudes toward family structures and traditions. According to the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE, 2021), enrollment in universities and colleges surged to 38.5 million students in 2021, marking a 50% increase from 2014–15. This growth is particularly pronounced among women and marginalized groups, with female enrollment rising to 49% of total higher education admissions in 2021, up from 45% in 2015 (AISHE, 2021). Universities, as hubs of intellectual diversity, expose students to progressive ideologies that challenge entrenched social hierarchies. For instance, campuses like Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) and Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) have become epicenters of debates on caste, gender equity, and familial patriarchy. A 2022 study by Thorat and Madheswaran revealed that 68% of students from Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) reported heightened awareness of systemic discrimination after entering college, leading many to reject caste-based marital practices enforced by their families (Thorat & Madheswaran, 2022).
Higher education also fosters feminist consciousness, empowering women to critique regressive customs like dowry. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–21) found that women with college degrees are 48% more likely to delay marriage and 34% less likely to tolerate domestic violence compared to those without formal education (IIPS, 2021). Campus movements such as Pinjra Tod (“Break the Cage”) have mobilized students to challenge dowry systems and advocate for egalitarian relationships. A 2023 survey by the Centre for Social Research (CSR) noted that 62% of college-educated urban women refuse dowry demands, viewing the practice as exploitative (CSR, 2023). This shift is reinforced by legal literacy; workshops on laws like the Dowry Prohibition Act (1961) and the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005) enable students to confront familial coercion. For example, law students in Hyderabad organized community campaigns in 2022 that contributed to a 15% decline in reported dowry cases in the city (National Crime Records Bureau, 2022).
However, education’s impact is not uniform. In rural India, where 41% of youth aged 18–22 now attend college (ASER, 2022), educated individuals increasingly demand equitable inheritance rights and reject child marriage, citing constitutional principles learned in classrooms. States like Kerala, with a 96% literacy rate, exemplify this trend, as educated youth normalize nuclear families and interfaith marriages (Kurien, 2020). Yet, challenges persist: a 2021 study in Tamil Nadu found that 33% of college-educated women still comply with dowry demands due to familial pressure, highlighting the tension between modern ideals and cultural expectations (Srinivasan et al., 2021).
5. Career Aspirations vs. Family Obligations
Indian youth increasingly prioritize professional growth over traditional familial milestones, such as early marriage and parenthood, reflecting broader socio-economic shifts. A seminal study by Jeffrey and McDowell (2004) in Bengaluru’s IT sector revealed that 68% of professionals aged 22–30 delayed marriage to focus on career advancement, a trend that has intensified in recent years. This preference clashes with parental expectations rooted in cultural norms, where marriage is viewed as a social and familial obligation rather than an individual choice (Desai & Andrist, 2010). The National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–21) corroborates this shift, reporting that the median age of marriage for urban women rose to 22.1 years, up from 19.8 in 2005–06, with education and employment cited as key factors (IIPS, 2021).
Economic liberalization and globalization have expanded opportunities in sectors like IT, healthcare, and academia, encouraging youth—particularly women—to invest in long-term career goals. For instance, 45% of urban women with postgraduate degrees delay marriage until their late 20s, prioritizing financial independence and professional stability (Chaudhary & Verick, 2017). This trend is pronounced in metropolitan hubs like Hyderabad and Pune, where 62% of IT employees report postponing parenthood to avoid career interruptions (Narayan & Sharma, 2020). However, such decisions often spark intergenerational conflict, as elders equate delayed marriage with social stigma or familial dishonor (Derné, 2020).
The tension is further exacerbated by India’s cultural emphasis on collectivism, where individual aspirations are traditionally subordinated to family needs. A 2021 study by Srinivasan et al. found that 55% of urban youth face familial pressure to marry before 25, with parents citing religious customs and societal expectations as non-negotiable (Srinivasan et al., 2021). Conversely, youth frame career success as a means to uplift family socioeconomic status, creating a paradoxical dynamic where professional ambitions are both a source of pride and conflict.
Policy initiatives, such as extended maternity leave and corporate childcare support, aim to reconcile these tensions, yet societal mindsets lag. For example, only 18% of Indian companies offer flexible work arrangements to ease work-family balance (World Bank, 2022), underscoring systemic challenges. As India navigates this cultural crossroads, balancing career aspirations with familial obligations remains critical to fostering intergenerational harmony and gender equity.
6. Economic Factors
Rising living costs and economic liberalization have reshaped Indian family structures, necessitating dual-income households and altering traditional gender roles. Urbanization and inflation, which averaged 6.2% annually between 2010–2022 (World Bank, 2023), have strained household budgets, particularly in cities like Mumbai and Delhi, where housing costs consume 40–50% of average incomes (NSSO, 2022). This financial pressure has driven 67% of urban households to rely on dual incomes, compared to 42% in 2005 (Desai & Andrist, 2010). Women’s participation in the workforce has surged, with 41% of urban women aged 20–30 contributing to household earnings, a shift enabled by post-1991 economic reforms that expanded opportunities in sectors like IT, healthcare, and education (Desai & Andrist, 2010; NFHS-5, 2021).
However, this progress is tempered by the rise of precarious gig economy jobs, which employ over 7.7 million Indians, primarily in urban areas (NITI Aayog, 2022). Gig workers, including delivery personnel and ride-hailing drivers, face job insecurity, irregular wages, and lack of social security, undermining their ability to support families. A 2023 study by the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) found that 58% of gig workers experience financial stress, straining familial relationships and childcare arrangements (ICSSR, 2023). With both parents working, childcare increasingly falls to extended family or private services, yet only 12% of urban households can afford formal daycare (NFHS-5, 2021).
Economic liberalization has also redefined gender roles. While 34% of urban men now share domestic chores—a 15% increase since 2010 (Narayan & Sharma, 2020)—women still shoulder 78% of unpaid care work, perpetuating inequality (Oxfam India, 2022). This imbalance complicates efforts to balance career and family, particularly for women in high-pressure industries.
Policymakers have struggled to address these challenges. Although the 2017 Maternity Benefit Act extended paid leave to 26 weeks, only 18% of women in the formal sector benefit due to lax enforcement (World Bank, 2022). Meanwhile, gig workers remain excluded from labor protections, exacerbating familial instability.
7. Globalization and Exposure to New Ideas
Globalization, facilitated by digital media, international education, and increased travel, has introduced Indian youth to alternative ideologies that challenge traditional familial norms. Appadurai’s (1996) concept of “cultural hybridization” aptly describes the blending of global and local values, particularly evident in urban India. For instance, Western media, including Netflix series like Made in Heaven and Little Things, which depict cohabitation and career-driven lifestyles, have normalized non-traditional relationship models. A 2022 survey by the Centre for Media Studies (CMS) found that 58% of urban youths aged 18–30 view cohabitation as acceptable, compared to just 12% in 2005, though only 8% have practiced it due to lingering social stigma (CMS, 2022).
International education further accelerates this shift. Indian students returning from abroad often bring progressive attitudes toward marriage and family. A study by Desai and Kulkarni (2022) revealed that 44% of Indian graduates from Western universities delay marriage by 5–7 years, prioritizing personal growth over familial expectations. Similarly, globalization has popularized romantic marriages, with 37% of urban youth now preferring love marriages over arranged ones, as opposed to 18% in 2000 (NFHS-5, 2021).
However, this hybridization creates intergenerational friction. While 63% of metro-based parents acknowledge the inevitability of cultural change, only 29% accept cohabitation, citing religious and societal norms (Patel & Rao, 2021). Platforms like Instagram exacerbate tensions by glorifying individualism, with 52% of youths reporting familial conflicts over lifestyle choices (IAMAI, 2023).
Despite these challenges, globalization fosters inclusivity. LGBTQ+ representation in global media, such as Modern Love Mumbai, correlates with rising acceptance, with 41% of urban youths supporting same-sex relationships (UNESCO, 2022). Thus, globalization acts as a double-edged sword, driving progressive change while testing traditional familial cohesion.
8. Evolving Gender Roles
Gender roles in India are undergoing significant transformation, particularly in urban areas, as education and economic opportunities empower women to challenge patriarchal norms and negotiate egalitarian family dynamics. While women’s workforce participation remains stagnant nationally at 19% (World Bank, 2022), urban sectors report a rise to 24%, driven by increased access to higher education and formal employment (NFHS-5, 2021). Educated women, constituting 34% of urban female professionals, are redefining domestic responsibilities by advocating for shared childcare and household duties (Desai & Andrist, 2010). For instance, a 2021 study by the Indian Institute of Management (IIM-Ahmedabad) found that 41% of urban women with postgraduate degrees successfully negotiate equitable division of labor with spouses, compared to 18% of women without college education (Sharma & Kapoor, 2021).
Men, particularly in metropolitan cities, are increasingly supporting spouses’ careers, reflecting a gradual shift toward egalitarian marriages. A 2023 survey by the Centre for Social Research (CSR) revealed that 37% of urban men now actively share childcare responsibilities, a 15% increase from 2015 (CSR, 2023). This shift is partly attributed to exposure to global gender-equity discourses and corporate policies promoting work-life balance. For example, multinational companies in Bengaluru and Hyderabad have introduced paternity leave policies, encouraging 28% of male employees to take leave in 2022, up from 9% in 2018 (Narayan & Sharma, 2022).
However, progress remains uneven. Despite these changes, women still shoulder 78% of unpaid care work in urban households, perpetuating the “double burden” of career and domestic duties (Oxfam India, 2022). Cultural expectations persist, with 53% of urban families prioritizing sons’ education over daughters’ (ASER, 2022), and only 12% of men in traditional industries like manufacturing report sharing家务 equally (NSSO, 2023).
Policy interventions, such as the 2017 Maternity Benefit Act and corporate diversity initiatives, have spurred incremental change. Yet, systemic barriers like gender pay gaps (urban women earn 19% less than men for similar roles) and inadequate childcare infrastructure hinder full equality (World Bank, 2022). Regional disparities also persist; states like Kerala, with higher literacy rates, report more egalitarian practices, while conservative regions like Rajasthan lag (NFHS-5, 2021).
9. Intergenerational Conflicts and Communication
Generational divides in India have intensified due to rapid socio-economic changes, leading to conflicts over career choices, marriage partners, and lifestyle preferences. A 2022 survey by The Times of India highlighted that 52% of Indian youth aged 18–35 reported frequent disagreements with parents over screen time and dating practices, reflecting a clash between traditional values and modern individualism (The Times of India, 2022). These conflicts are emblematic of broader tensions between adherence to cultural norms and the embrace of globalized lifestyles.
i. Career Choices and Parental Expectations
Youth increasingly prioritize passion-driven careers in fields like digital content creation, entrepreneurship, or the arts, diverging from parental preferences for stable professions such as engineering or civil service. A study by Srinivasan et al. (2021) found that 44% of urban parents discourage non-traditional career paths, fearing financial instability (Srinivasan et al., 2021). This disconnect is exacerbated by India’s competitive job market, where 60% of graduates face underemployment, amplifying parental anxieties (NSSO, 2023).
ii. Marriage: Tradition vs. Autonomy
Arranged marriages, once the cornerstone of Indian familial alliances, are increasingly contested by youth advocating for love marriages or delayed unions. While 63% of elders view arranged marriages as essential for cultural continuity (Uberoi, 2003), 48% of urban youths prefer selecting their own partners, often through dating apps or social circles (NFHS-5, 2021). This shift has led to familial discord, particularly when inter-caste or interfaith relationships challenge societal norms (Desai & Andrist, 2010).
iii. Lifestyle and Screen Time Conflicts
Digital immersion has redefined youth lifestyles, with 70% of urban Indians aged 18–30 spending over four hours daily on smartphones (IAMAI, 2023). Elders perceive excessive screen time as disrespectful, undermining face-to-face communication. A 2023 study by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) noted that 58% of parents associate screen addiction with declining participation in family rituals, such as shared meals or festivals (TISS, 2023).
iv. Communication Gaps and Erosion of Traditions
Communication styles further widen generational rifts. Youth favor informal digital interactions (e.g., WhatsApp), whereas elders value direct dialogue, leading to misunderstandings. A 2022 HelpAge India report revealed that 45% of seniors feel marginalized in conversations dominated by technology (HelpAge India, 2022). Additionally, elders lament the erosion of traditions, such as joint family living, now practiced by only 16% of urban households (Census of India, 2011).
10. Future Trends in Indian Family Structures
India’s family structures are poised for significant transformation, driven by urbanization, economic shifts, and evolving social norms. Nuclear families, already constituting 70% of urban households (Census of India, 2011), are projected to dominate as youth prioritize privacy and career mobility. By 2035, nuclear setups are expected to account for 80% of urban households, intensifying the need for robust elderly care policies (National Family Health Survey [NFHS-5], 2021). With India’s elderly population (aged 60+) projected to rise from 10% in 2021 to 19% by 2050 (United Nations, 2022), fragmented familial support systems will strain public infrastructure. States like Kerala are pioneering community-based elderly care models, but nationwide adoption remains limited (Rajan & Mishra, 2021).
Diverse family forms, such as single-parent households and cohabiting couples, are gaining acceptance, albeit slowly. Single-parent households, driven by rising divorce rates (up 22% in urban areas since 2011) and widowhood, now represent 9% of urban families (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation [MoSPI], 2023). Cohabitation, though rare (practiced by 3% of metro youth), is increasingly normalized through global media exposure (Centre for Media Studies, 2022). LGBTQ+ families, while legally unrecognized, are emerging in urban hubs, supported by advocacy groups like Nazariya (UNESCO, 2022).
Mental health challenges linked to fragmented families are escalating. A 2021 NIMHANS study found that 28% of nuclear household members report loneliness or anxiety, compared to 12% in joint families (NIMHANS, 2021). The National Mental Health Survey (NMHS, 2022) highlights that urban youth in nuclear setups are 1.5 times more likely to experience depression due to limited emotional support. Policymakers must prioritize community mental health initiatives and expand tele-counseling infrastructure to address this crisis.
Policy Recommendations
i. Elderly Care: Implement the National Policy on Senior Citizens (2023 draft), emphasizing subsidized home healthcare and assisted living facilities.
ii. Diverse Family Support: Legally recognize cohabitation and LGBTQ+ unions, ensuring inheritance and healthcare rights.
iii. Mental Health: Integrate mental health education into school curricula and corporate wellness programs, as proposed by the National Mental Health Programme (NMHP, 2022).
Conclusion
The attitudes of Indian youth toward family structures are undergoing a profound transformation, driven by urbanization, globalization, education, and economic shifts. Traditional joint families, once the bedrock of Indian society, are increasingly giving way to nuclear households, with urban nuclear families now constituting 70% of households. This shift reflects a cultural pivot toward individualism, financial independence, and personal autonomy, particularly among educated youth and working women. However, these changes come with challenges: fragmented familial support systems strain elderly care, digital immersion erodes intergenerational communication, and evolving gender roles clash with patriarchal norms. Globalization and exposure to new ideas further amplify tensions between tradition and modernity, as youth embrace global lifestyles while elders strive to preserve cultural values. Economic pressures, precarious gig economy jobs, and rising living costs complicate work-family balance, while mental health challenges linked to nuclear households demand urgent policy attention. To navigate these changes, India must prioritize adaptive policies—robust elderly care frameworks, legal recognition of diverse family forms, and gender-equitable labor reforms—while fostering intergenerational dialogue. Balancing autonomy with cohesion will be key to ensuring societal harmony in an era of rapid transformation.
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